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FAD3220 Exam 1 (FSU) Questions and Answers
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FAD3220 Exam 1 (FSU) Questions and Answers
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FAD3220 Exam 1 (FSU) Questions andAnswers
lifespan development - Answer -the field of study that examines patterns of growth,
change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire life span
cohort - Answer -a group of people born at around the same time in the same place;
example of history-graded influence
age-graded influences - Answer -biological and environmental influences that are
similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they are
raised
sociocultural-graded influences - Answer -the social and cultural factors present at a
particular time for a particular individual, depending on such variables as ethnicity,
social class, and subcultural membership
topical areas of lifespan development - Answer -Physical development, cognitive
development, personality development, and social development.
physical development - Answer -development involving the body's physical makeup,
including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses, and the need for food, drink,
and sleep
cognitive development - Answer -study of how children acquire the ability to learn, think,
reason, communicate, and remember
personality development - Answer -stability and change in the characteristics that
differentiate one person from another over the life span
social development - Answer -the way in which individuals' interactions with others and
their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life
non-normative life events - Answer -unusual occurrences that have a major impact on
an individual's life
continuous change - Answer -gradual development in which achievements at one level
build on those of previous levels
,discontinuous change - Answer -development that occurs in distinct steps or stages,
with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different
from behavior at earlier stages
critical period - Answer -a specific time in development when certain skills or abilities
are most easily learned
sensitive period - Answer -a limited phase in an individual animal's development in
which they're particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in the environment
theoretical perspectives on lifespan development - Answer -Psychodynamic, Behavioral
& Cognitive Perspectives
psychodynamic perspective - Answer -how behavior springs from unconscious drives
and conflicts
behavioral perspective - Answer -the approach that suggests that observable,
measurable behavior should be the focus of study
cognitive perspective - Answer -modern perspective that focuses on memory,
intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning
expand theories within psychodynamic perspective - Answer -- psychoanalytic (Freud):
suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior; ex: desires
- psychosocial theory (Erikson): suggests our behavioral development occurs in 8 fixed,
similar stages
expand theories within behavioral perspective - Answer -social-cognitive learning
theory: emphasizes learning by observing the behavior or another person, or model
expand theories within cognitive perspective - Answer -Theory of Cognitive
Development (Piaget): suggests that growth in children's understanding of the world
could be explained by assimilation [people understanding new experience in terms of
current stage of cognitive development] and accommodation [changes in existing ways
of thinking in response to encounters with new stimuli or events]
concepts of psychoanalytic theory - Answer -- psychosexual development: occurs as
children pass through distinct changes in which pleasure, or gratification, is focused on
a particular biological function and body part
- psychosocial development: refers to change in interactions and understandings of one
another
, concepts of behavioral theory (social-cognitive learning theory) - Answer -- classical
conditioning: type of learning that occurs when organism learns to respond in particular
way to neutral stimulus
- operant conditioning: a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened
or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences
- behavior modification: formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable
behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones
- reinforcement: process in which behavior is followed by stimulus that increases
probability that the behavior will be repeated
concepts within Piaget's Theory - Answer -- assimilation: process in which people
understand a new experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development
- accommodation: refers to changes in existing ways of thinking in response to
encounters with new stimuli or events
- information-processing approach: the model that seeks to identify the ways individuals
take in, use, and store information
- neo-Piagetian theory: considers cognition as made up of different types of individual
skills
- cognitive neuroscience approaches: looks at cognitive development through the lens
of brain processes
name the main theorists and their contributions - Answer -- Freud (psychoanalytic
theory): states the unconscious is part of the personality [id: pleasure principle, ego:
reality principle, superego: conscious]
- Freud (psychosexual development): pleasure shifts from mouth -> anus -> genitals
- Erikson (psychosocial theory): says growth and change continue throughout the
lifespan unlike Freud
- Bandura (social-cognitive learning theory): proposes learning is best done through
imitation
- Piaget (cognitive development theory): discusses increase of quality and quantity of
information in a series of stages
humanistic perspective - Answer -- contends that people have a natural capacity to
make decisions abt their lives & to control their behavior; emphasizes free will
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