lichen - crustose - crust like, tightly attached to substrate
lichen - foliose - leafy; small rhizines attach lichen to tree or hard surface
lichen - fruticose - shrublike; often attached at one point; common at high altitudes
symbiosis - the long-term interaction between organisms of different species where at
least one or more
of the participants, symbionts, gains some benefit
mutualism - both species benefit from the relationship
commensalism - one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
parasitism - one organism benefits and the other is harmed
algae - simple, eukaryotic, aquatic photo-autotrophs that range from unicellular to multi-
cellular forms
endosymbiosis - process where unicellular organisms engulf other cells; function as
organelles within the host cell
kingdom fungi - a kingdom a of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms, such as mushrooms
and molds, that have a cell wall containing chitin; classified under Domain Eukarya
hyphae - the branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi
and absorb nutrients
yeasts - single celled fungi
chitin - a chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility in the walls of fungi
division zygomycota - fast-growing molds that we see on old strawberries, or Rhizopus
stolonifer, a type of bread mold
"fixing" in relation to microscope slides - kills the specimen and preserves its structures
asexual reproduction in rhizopus stolonifer - as long as food sources are abundant,
Rhizopus stolonifer will reproduce asexually; haploid spores (sporophytes or embryo)
are dispersed through the air in large quantities
, septate hyphae - cross-walls separating cells
aseptate hyphae - no dividing cross-walls (rhizopus stolonifer)
sexual reproduction in Rhizopus stolonifer - two different genetic strains (+ or -) each
release pheromones causing branches to grow towards each other
zygosporangium - a bulbous structure that develops a thick, tough wall, enabling it to lie
dormant for months
when do fungi reproduce sexually and asexually? - fungi usually reproduce sexually
when food sources are scarce or conditions are harsh. The zygosporangium will protect
one or more diploid fungal nuclei under harsh conditions
symbiosis in zygomycota - many are parasites of other fungi; live in hind-gut of
freshwater aquatic insect larva
phylum basidiomycota - mushrooms - critical decomposers; starts with spores; mycelia
fuse to form dikaryotic mycelium (2 haploid nuclei)
basidiocarp (mushroom) - when hyphae from dikaryotic mycelium wind together and
emerge from the soil
basidiospores - the 4 haploid spores released by basidia during reproduction
lichens - symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism
thalus - body of lichen with rhizines
rhizines - a rootlike hypha that anchors a fungus to a surface
cortex - outer layer of lichen that provides protection from the environment
symbiont layer - contains the photosynthetic partner(s); fungal hyphae hold most of the
photosymbionts in place close the cortex so they can absorb sunlight for
photosynthesis; allows for the exchange of gases needed for photosynthesis
medulla - the next layer down is the medulla where filaments are still loosely packed.
The filaments will also grow down and form rhizines to anchor to substrates
reproduction in lichens - reproduce asexually by fragmentation of the thallus. Small
fragments can break off, dispersing by wind, water, gravity or even animals.
photoautotrophs - organisms capable of producing their own food using light
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