Describe vertical and horizontal gene transfer.
~ Vertical: Involves transmission of genetic information from parent to offspring
during normal cell division.
Horizontal: Involves the transmission of genetic information from one
independent, mature organism o another independent, mature org...
What is the most common mechanism for bacterial cell division?
✓~ Binary Fission
List the four steps of the mechanism above.
✓~ 1. Elongation of the cell
2. Replication of the chromosome
3. Separation of the chromosomes into the two parts of the cell
4. Formation of septum in the middle (Cytokinesis, or septation)
Define 'Origin of replication'.
✓~ Where replication begins
How many Origins of replication do bacterial chromosomes have?
, ✓~ One
What is Cytokinesis? Include a brief overview of its four steps.
✓~ The division of the cell into two via formation of a cross wall between the two
daughter cells.
Define the following terms and their role in cell division:
Penicillin-binding protein (PBP):
✓~ Group of proteins that hydrolyze bonds in existing peptidoglycan strands and link
together new strands.
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM):
✓~ Major components of peptidoglycan that bind to a membrane protein called
bactoprenol.
Autolysins:
✓~ Degrade polypeptide where new units are to be added, and the new NAM-NAG
units can then be inserted into the peptidoglycan layer.
,What is crescentin?
✓~ A homologue of eukaryotic intermediate filaments
What are the other forms of asexual reproduction? Define each
✓~ -Budding: Budding off daughter cells; seen in Listeria monocytogenes
-Baeocyte formation (multiple fission): Multiple rounds of cell division; seen in
Cyanobacteria
-Spore formation: Form multinucleoid filaments that ultimately divide to
produce spores with a single nucleus.
Know the Bacterial Growth Curve
✓~ lag,log,stationary,dead
List and define each phase of the above curve.
✓~ -Lag Phase: No net growth because, although the nutrients are abundant, the
bacteria are adjusting to new conditions.
-Log (Exponential) Phase: Nutrients are abundant, and bacteria divide at their
highest rate.
, -Stationary Phase: Number of viable microorganisms is stable because the
nutrients level off and waste products accumulate
-Death Phase: Nutrients are depleted, and levels of waste products and toxins
are high, so the number of viable microorganisms decreases
-Long-term Stationary Phase: Nutrients are depleted, and waves of genetic
variants come and go
True or False: When nutrient levels are low, the limitation of microbial growth
occurs as a result of the saturation of transport proteins for nutrient uptake.
✓~ False; should be when levels are high
What is generation time (GT)?
✓~ The time it takes the population to double
What phase is it best to calculate GT?
✓~ Log Phase (aka Exponential Phase)
True or False: Cells typically exist in aqueous conditions.
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