What are the three domains of life? - a) Bacteria
b) Eukaryotes
c) Archaea
2) What are prokaryotes and eukaryotes? - Prokaryotes have cell wall//eukaryotes have
nucleus,membrane enclosed vesicles
bacteria are - prokaryotes
fungi are - eukaryotes
3) What are four commonalities that all organisms share? - i) Semiconservative dna
replication
ii) Common metabolic pathways(glycolysis)
iii) Cell membranes and ribosomes
iv) Dna that encodes proteins
4) What are three ways that prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes? - a) Binary fission
b) Unicellular
c) Circular dna
d) No membrane enclosed organelles
5) Do eukaryotes share a more common ancestor with prokaryotes or archaea? - a)
Archea but have some things that were stolen like
6) What are two structures found in eukaryotes that arose from endosymbiosis with a
bacterium? - a) mitochondria and chloroplast
7) In what domain of life would you be most likely to find peptidoglycan cell walls? -
bacteria
8) What structure of bacteria would you expect an antibiotic to target? - peptidoglycan
synthesis
cell wall
9) Gram-positive bacteria have _______ peptidoglycan in their cell walls than gram-
negative bacteria. - more
lateral gene transfer - genes move sideways from one species to another by
transduction,conjugation, transformation
, 11) How does lateral gene transfer complicate genetic sequencing? - a) Gene trees will
not match the real organismal trees
12) If you were sequencing a new species of bacteria, what type of genes would you
want to choose to base your gene tree upon? Why? Ideally, would you want a lot or only
a few genes sequenced? - a) Ribosomal rna
b) Low rate of evolution//common to everything//least likely to do lateral gene transfer
c) A lot
13) What's a potential health concern of Bacillus anthracis? - a) Anthrax//creates
spores//hard to get out of system//creates an exotoxin
14) What is Staphylococcus? Where would you expect to find it? What environmental
conditions would you expect to cause it to turn pathogenic? - a) Skin
b) Take too many antibiotics//in hospitals, nursing homes
15) What is the oldest known human pathogen? What is the evidence for it being the
oldest human pathogen? - a) Tuberculosis
b) Very old bodies that have been able to sequence TB gene
16) What is an extremophile? List four places you might expect to find them. - a) Really
hot, really salty, really cold, really acidic
i) Hot spring
ii) Bottom of ocean
iii) Underground oil reserves
iv) Places where there are environmental issues
17) What are at least two ways that extremophiles can be useful for science? - a) PCR
b) Consumes nuclear waste
c) Good for studying origins of life
18) What are at least two ways that extremophiles could be useful for environmental
cleanup? - a) Cleaning up nuclear waste
b) Digest hydrocarbons in oil
19) The chloroplasts of eukaryotes were derived from an endosymbiotic event with a
__________? - a) Cynobacteria//green algae
20) The mitochondria of eukaryotes were derived from an endosymbiotic event with a
_____________? - a) Proteobacteria
21) What are some defining features of Chlamydias? - a) Can only live as parasite
b) Gram negative
c) Cause pneumonia, std's...
22) What are some examples of pathogenic proteobacteria? - a) Ecoli
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