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Combined Immunology HMX: Questions With Solutions
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Combined Immunology HMX: Questions With Solutions
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Combined Immunology HMX: Questions With Solutions______________________ is the transfer of tissue/organ from one individual to
another Right Ans - Transplantation
_________________________ is the transfer of blood cells/blood products from one
individual to another Right Ans - Transfusion
_________________ transplant is the most common transplantation Right Ans -
kidney
_____________________ transfusion is the most common transfusion Right Ans -
red blood cell
Individuals who are not identical twins differ in many genes that they do not
inherit. This means individuals will have different proteins based on these
different genes. These differences are called ______________________ Right Ans -
polymorphisms
In transplantation, if one person is a donor and another is a recipient, then
there might be a difference in proteins between each person. So, when an
organ is transplanted, the recipient's immune system can detect the
transplanted cells as non-self and lead an attack against them. This attack
involves ________________ and ____ cells and is called an ___________________
________________ _______________ Right Ans - antibodies
T cells
allogeneic immune response
The recipient's T cells and antibodies that enter the implanted organ after
transplantation cause inflammation in the organ as if the organ is a foreign
invader, like a microbe. This leads to injury/death of the implanted organ.
This is called _________________ _______________ Right Ans - transplant rejection
The most polymorphic genes in our entire genome are the _____________________
___________________ _________________ genes. Right Ans - major
histocompatibility complex (aka HLA genes)
,MHC class II has the variants: __________, __________, and _________ proteins
Right Ans - DP
DQ
DR
MHC class I has the variants: ____________, ______________ and _________ Right
Ans - A
B
C
If we take all the different alleles in the human population that encode normal
functioning versions of the MHC class I and II variants, there are over
______________ alleles Right Ans - 5,000
HLA-B has over _______________ alleles Right Ans - 2,500
_______ is the major immunological barrier to transplantation Right Ans -
MHC
______________ have carbohydrates on their surface, but they differ from one
person to another Right Ans - RBCs
The antigens on red blood cells include: _______, _________, _________ or _________
Right Ans - A
B
AB
O
If someone is type A, this means they have the A antigen and they have
antibodies that recognize the antigens that they do not express. So, type A has
natural ______ antibodies that recognize the ______ antigen. Type B has
antibodies that recognize the ______ antigen. Type O has antibodies that
recognize the ________ and _______ antigen. Type AB has _________ antibodies
Right Ans - IgM
B
A
,A
B
neither
If you want to transfuse blood across individuals, then the antibodies can
cause trouble. For example, if type A is transfused into someone with type B,
then the recipient with type B (who has antibodies against type A) will cause
the destruction of type A blood either by ___________________ activation or
_________________. This is called a ____________________ ________________ Right Ans -
complement
phagocytosis
transfusion reaction
Given what you have learned about the genetic loci that are most important
for transplant compatibility, it is likely that ____________ are the primary
mediators of transplant rejection.
1. B lymphocytes
2. T lymphocytes
3. macrophages
4. neutrophils Right Ans - 2. T lymphocytes
A burn victim receives a skin transplant. Theoretically, his medical team could
choose from several different donors, but the choice of donor is obvious in
this case. Who is the donor?
1. the patient's twin brother
2. the patient's spouse
3. the patient's son
4. the patient Right Ans - 4. the patient
Which immune mechanisms or processes are most commonly associated with
transfusion reactions? (select two answers)
1. antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
2. complement activation
, 3. CTL degranulation
4. neutralization
5. opsonization Right Ans - 2. complement activation
5. opsonization
The antigens of the ABO blood groups are:
1. carbohydrates.
2. nucleic acids.
3. proteins.
4. lipids. Right Ans - 1. carbohydrates.
To predict the chances of transplant rejection, three HLA proteins are the
most important: __________, ___________ and __________ Right Ans - HLA-A
HLA-B
DR
___________ ____________ is used to reduce chances of rejection. We can match
proteins of the donor and recipient to see if the recipient has similar proteins
as the donor. Identical proteins are usually found amongst _______________. If
there is not a sibling donor with a perfect match, then we can try to find
someone who at least shares some MHC genes. Right Ans - HLA matching
siblings
If some genes are different, there will be an immune response against those
HLA proteins which can lead to rejection. To treat the potential of rejection,
we can treat the patient with ______________________ drugs. Right Ans -
immunosuppressive
The most common immunosuppressive drugs that block the T cell response
after T cells bind to the antigen are called ____________________ _____________________.
The most common of these drugs is ________________________ Right Ans -
calcineurin inhibitors
Cyclosporin
Normally, after T cell activation, the T cell releases cytokines which bind to the
T cell's interleukin 2 receptor. The most common immunosuppressive drug
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