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HMX Immunology – Questions & Verified Solutions (100%)
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HMX Immunology – Questions & Verified Solutions (100%)
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HMX Immunology – Questions & Verified Solutions(100%)
Inflammation Right Ans - Delivery of cells/proteins into infected Tissue
Leukocytes or White Blood Cells example Right Ans - Neutrophil,
macrophage, lymphocytes
Most abundant cell in Blood Right Ans - RBC
Neutrophil, or polymorphonuclear leukocyte's action Right Ans - A type of
phagocyte, Equipped with innate immune receptors; when microbes bind to
that receptor, neutrophil engulfs, digest the microbe, undergoes apoptosis
Monocyte —> macrophage's action Right Ans - Have innate receptor, that
can phagocytose microbes, kill the microbes; also eat dead neutrophils
Tissue sentinel Cells examples Right Ans - Cells that are ready and waiting,
before infection; Dendritic Cells, resident macrophages, mast cells; all have
innate receptors
Dendritic Cells' innate response Right Ans - After bound by microbes,
produce Cytokines, which are pro-inflammatory
Macrophage's innate response Right Ans - After bound by microbes, eat it,
chew it up, release cytokines
Mast Cells Right Ans - Have granules in cytoplasm, which have
inflammatory mediators, when microbe binds, granules release, cytokines
made; famous granule = histamine
Phagocytes Right Ans - Neutrophils and macrophages; neutrophils only
chew up microbes, macrophage ingest dead neutrophils as well
Cytokines Right Ans - Released by tissue sentinel cells, mast cells, resident
macrophage, dendritic cells; act on blood vessel endothelial cells; result in
migration of more blood cells into tissue
,Blood Vessels/ venules' role in innate response Right Ans - Phagocytes-
monocytes, neutrophils are present within blood vessels; after cytokines bind
to the receptors, they increase adhesion molecules' expression on the blood
vessels
Adhesion molecules's role in innate response Right Ans - Neutrophils have
some adhesion molecules, selectin Ligand, which has low affinity to one of the
adhesion molecules, E-Selectin; neutrophils will roll down the blood vessel
and constantly bind and unbind to e-selectin; until it reaches another
molecule, ICAM-1, where its integrin, IFN-1 will bind to, resulting in a stable
arrest; neutrophils flatten out, crawl through endothelial gaps, enter tissues
E-selectin Right Ans - An adhesion molecule critical for slowing down the
neutrophils, present when endothelial wal bound by cytokines, bind with
selectin ligand on neutrophils with low affinity
ICAM-1 Right Ans - surface-expressed adhesion molecule found on
endothelial cells, will reach a stable arrest state with neutrophils with IFN-1
on neutrophils
Innate response summary Right Ans - Microbes enter tissues; sentinel cells
secrete cytokines; cytokines act on blood vessels receptors; adhesion
molecules result in the entrance of leukocytes, macrophage/neutrophils;
neutrophils and macrophage clear the microbes; macrophage clear dead
neutrophils
Pus formation Right Ans - Bacteria multiplies, engage with mast cells,
resident macrophages; release cytokines, increase adhesion molecules,
neutrophils enter, eat up the microbes; neutrophils die; neutrophils and
Microbes are the pus
Unit 1 Right Ans - U1
Innate Immunity aspects Right Ans - Inflammation and anti-viral state
Anti-viral state Right Ans - Microbe activates Plasmacytoid dendritic cell,
as well as the infected cell to secrete Type 1 Interfreron; which activate anti-
, viral state by binding to cell receptors, synthesizing proteins that protect the
cells from further infection; only work on double stranded RNA virus
Type 1 Interferon Right Ans - Release by the infected cells and
plasmacytoid dendritic cell, act on infected cells' neighbor cells, producing
protein, which are only activated when the cells are infected, and only act on
double stranded RNA infected cells, lead to apoptosis of the infected cell
PAMPs of Bacteria Right Ans - Gram-negative, LPS, flagellin; gram-positive,
Teichoic acids and Peptide glycan
PAMPs of viruses Right Ans - Single stranded RNA, Double stranded RNA,
double stranded DNA
Toll-like receptor Right Ans - Pattern recognition receptors that are
present on cell surface, recognize microbe parts, result in inflammation; the
ones in endosomes trigger anti-viral state
Where do Pathogen recognition receptors perform their job? Right Ans -
On cell surface, signals the producing cytokines, inducing the presentation of
endothelial adhesion molecules, resulting in inflammation; in endosomes,
signals the production of type 1 interferon, inducing anti-viral state
What can PRR recognize? Right Ans - SS RNA, DSRNA, DSDNA from virus;
LPS, flagellin, teichoic acids, peptideglycan from bacteria
What does cell membrane located PRR activate? Right Ans - IL-1, TNF
alpha, initiating inflammatory response
What does endosomal located PRR activate? Right Ans - Type 1 interferon,
inducing anti-viral state
How are microbes going to initiate immune response, through Toll-like
receptors? Right Ans - TLR receives PAMP, dimerize, send signals into cell,
transcription factors enters nucleus, bind to promoters of TNF, IL-1, lead to
the expression of TNF and IL-1
NK-Kappa B Right Ans - Normally inhibited; when TLR releases signals
after microbes binding, the inhibitory molecule is broken down, and NF-kappa
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