What is hypospadias? - termination of urethra on ventral penile surface
What is epispadias? - open of urethra on dorsal penial surface
Which is more common: hypospadias or epispadias? - hypospadias
What is contraindicated in newborn males with hypospadias? Why? - circumcision; child
will grow, foreskin will later be used for repair.
What is phimosis and paraphimosis? - phimosis is constriction of the prepuce or penile
foreskin that prevents retraction over the glans. paraphimosis is when the foreskin is so
tight it cannot cover the glans (most common in catheterized males).
Describe peyronie's disease - localized and progressive fibrosis of unknown origin that
affects the tunica albuginea. characterized by painful erection, bent erection, and
presence of hard, fibrotic mass where fibrosis has occurred
What is priapism? - urologic emergency from prolonged, involuntary, painful erection.
what is low flow priapism? - Venous stasis in corpora cavernosa caused by a failure to
subside erection. considered ischemic.
what is high flow priapism? - persistent arterial flow into corpora cavernosa r/t trauma.
primary priapism results from what types of injuries? what is primary priapism? - trauma,
infection, infection, and neoplasms; condition r/t penis
secondary priapism results from what type of conditions? what is secondary priapism? -
hematologic conditions, neurologic conditions, renal failure; conditions indirectly r/t
penis
what are risk factors for penial arterial insufficiency? - hypertension, hyperlipidemia,
cigarette smoking, DM, pelvic irradiation. consider which ones are reversible.
what is balanitis? - acute or chronic inflammation of the glans penis
What is balanoposthitis? - inflammation/infection of glans AND prepuce; happens
because the foreskin interferes with cleanliness and promotes bacterial growth
What is cryptorchidism? - occurs when one or both testes do not descend into scrotal
sac. normally descend between 7-9 months gestation.
, What is testicular torsion? What is absent? - surgical emergency where testicle is high
in scrotum, in an abnormal orientation, with absent cremasteric reflex
what is the acronym TWIST for? - Testicular pain, warning signs (pain, swelling,
redness), immediately tell someone, see a doctor, time is of essence.
What is epididymitis and diagnosis consist of? - inflammation of epididymis;
STIs=urethritis; Non-STIs=UTIs and prostatitis. normal cremasteric reflex.
what is orchitis caused by? - mumps*, scarlet fever, pneumonia; infection of testicles;
mumps most common.
what are possible etiologies for scrotal cancer? - exposure to tar, soot, oils (chimney
sweeps); poor hygiene; chronic inflammation r/t untreated HPV infection
what are the possible etiologies for testicular cancer? - cryptochorchidism; genetic
factors; testicular development disorders.
what is a seminoma? - cancer from germ cell tumors in 20-34 y.o.
signs and symptoms of testicular cancer - PAINLESS lump on testicle that can vary in
size; feeling of heaviness/ache in lower abdomen/scrotum.
what is acute prostatitis? what is the treatment for it? - acute bacterial infection that
came from the urethra. antibiotics for 4 weeks.
what is chronic prostatitis? what is the treatment for it? - r/t bacterial infection from
recurrent UTIs. 3-4 months of low dose antibiotics. poor penetration of antibiotics to
prostate.
what are s/s of chronic prostatitis? - inflamed prostate with low grade fever, purulent
drainage, and pain with ejaculation
what are screening methods for prostate cancer? should prostates have areas of
hardening? - digital rectal exam, PSA levels; assessment of high risk patients.
hardening indicates cancer (tip of nose).
who is at high risk of developing prostate cancer? - black men, those with strong family
hx
what is necessary for diagnosis of prostate cancer? how can we trend the disease? -
biopsy is gold standard; follow PSA levels; if there is a spike after removal, indicative of
recurrent disease.
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