NURS 5315 GI Module 9 exam 5 | Questions & Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated
2024/2025 Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert Solutions
Upper GI organs - mouth,pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
Lower GI organs - small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus
Hepatoportal circulation - hepatic artery receives oxygenated blood from the inferior
mesenteric, gastric, and cystic veins. The hepatic portal vein receives deoxygenated
blood from the inferior and superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein and delivers
nutrients that have been absorbed from the intestinal system
Osmotic diarrhea - Caused by the presence of a nonabsorbable substance in the
intestines. This pulls water by osmosis into the intestinal lumen and results in large
volume diarrhea. This is how mag citrate, lactulose and miralax work. Causes include:
excessive ingestion of nonabsorbable sugars, tube feedings, dumping syndrome,
malabsorption, pancreatic enzyme deficiency, bile salt deficiency, small intestine
bacterial overgrowth or celiac disease
Secretory diarrhea - Results in large volume losses secondary to infectious causes such
as rotavirus, bacterial enterotoxins, or c-diff.
Motility diarrhea - AKA short bowel syndrome. Results from resection of small intestine
or surgical bypass of small intestine, IBS, diabetic neuropathy, hyperthyroidism, and
laxative abuse. Fatty stools and bloating are common in malabsorption syndrome.
Complications include: dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, metabolic acidosis, weight
loss and malabsorption.
Upper GI bleed - bleeding that occurs in the esophagus, stomach or duodenum
commonly caused by bleeding varices, peptic ulcers or Mallory-Weiss tear(tearing of
esophagus from stomach) Characterized by frank, bright red or coffee ground emesis.
Lower GI bleed - Bleeding in the jejunum, ileum, colon or rectum from inflammatory
bowel disease, cancer, diverticula or hemorrhoids. Hematochezia, or the presence of
bright red blood in the stools, suggest what kind of bleed
Peptic Ulcer Disease - Is a break in the integrity of the mucosa of the esophagus,
stomach or duodenum resulting in exposure of the tissue to gastric acid. Risk factors
include smoking, advanced age, NSAID use, ETOH, chronic disease, acute
pancreatitis, COPD, obesity, socioeconomic status, gastrinoma, and infection with
Helicobacter pylori. S&S: Epigastric pain is worse with eating, melena or hematemesis
, Duodenal ulcers - most common and tend to develop in younger patients. S&S:
epigastric pain that is relieved by food. Patients may have melena(black and tarry stool)
or hematemesis
Ulcerative colitis (UC) - Inflammatory disease of the large instestine in persons 20-
40y/o. Less common in people who smoke. Has periods of remission and
exacerbations. Characterized by inflammation and ulcerations that remain superficial
and in the small intestine.
UC S&S - recurrent diarrhea, bloody stools, febrile, polyarthritis, uveitis, sclerosing
cholangitis, erythema nodosum and pyoderma gangrenosum
UC complications - fissures, hemorrhoids, perirectal abscess, toxic megacolon, colon
perforation, and colorectal adenocarcinoma. Increased risk of VTE and microthrombi,
and colon cancer
Crohn's disease - Chronic inflammatory disorders that can affect any portion of the GI
tract but most often in the ileum and proximal colon. Affects persons in their 20-30s and
of jewish decent. CARD15/NOD2 gene mutation commonly associated.
Crohn's disease risk factors - smoking, family history, Jewish decent, age less than 40,
slight predominance in women and altered gut microbiome.
Crohn's disease patho - includes trasmural involvement of the affected area(entire wall
of intestine is affected) and the presence of skip lesions. Disease progression may lead
to abscess formation in GI tract. Possible causes include infectious agents,
autoimmune, psychosomatic, impaired T-cell immunity
Crohn's disease S&S - abd pain, diarrhea, dehydration, bloody stools, malabsorption,
malnutrition, weight loss, intestinal obstruction from chronic inflammation, fistulas and
perforation of the intestine
Diverticular disease - Characterized as the presence of diverticula in the large intestine.
Risk factors include older age, genetic predisposition, obesity, smoking, diet, lack of
exercise, ASA and other NSAIDS, altered DI microbiome and abnormal colonic
peristalsis
Diverticulosis/Diverticulitis - outpouchings of mucosa from the muscle layer of the
intestine that protrude into the intestinal lumen most commonly in the sigmoid colon.
Diverticulosis is the presence of diverticula in an asymptomatic person. Diverticulitis is
an inflammation of diverticula and cause LLQ pain. Results in abscess formation,
rupture and peritonitis
Appendicitis - Inflammation of the appendix usually in persons 10-19. S&S: periumbilical
pain, RLQ pain, nvd, anorexia. Pain may initially be epigastric or periumbilical then
