Genetics -study of the way such disorders occur
Cytogenetics -study of chromosomes by light microscopy and the method by which chromosomal aberrations are identified -used slide to visualize the chromosomes
Genes -basic unit of heredity -made up of DNA -DNA= the are interwined with one another to...
NCMA 219 Practice Questions and
Correct Answers
Genetics ✅-study of the way such disorders occur
Cytogenetics ✅-study of chromosomes by light microscopy and the method by which
chromosomal aberrations are identified
-used slide to visualize the chromosomes
Genes ✅-basic unit of heredity
-made up of DNA
-DNA= the are interwined with one another to be able to create chromosomes
-DNA= basis of heredity
-RNA= synthesizes protein for cellular growth, supports DNA growth and heredity
Human composed of 46 CHROMOSOMES ✅-22 pairs of autosomes (homolous
autosomes) had same shape/pattern
-1 pair of sex chromosome (No. 23)
Inheritance ✅is the process by which genetic information is passed on from parent to
child
Phenotype ✅-the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the
interaction of its genotype with the environment
-is the set of observable physical traits
Genotype ✅-an organisms genetic information
-a person's actual gene composition
-
Autosomal dominant inheritance/disorders ✅one parent- one of the parents of a child
with the disorder also will have the disorder
Sex- the sex of an individual is unimportant in terms of inheritance
History- there is usually a history of the disorder in other family members
Autosomal recessive inheritance ✅both parent- both parents of a child with the
disorder are clinically free of the disorder
Sex- the sex of the individual is not important in terms of inheritance
History- the family history for the disorder is negative- that is no one can identify anyone
else who had it (a horizontal transmission pattern)
,Ancestor- a known common ancestor between the parents sometimes exists. This
explains how both male and came to possess a like gene disorder
X-linked dominant inheritance ✅dominant gene- all individuals with the gene are
affected
Affected- all female children of affected men are affected; all male children of affected
men are unaffected
Generation- it appears in every generation
Homozygous/heterozygous- all children of homozygous affected women are affected.
50% of the children of heterozygous affected women are affected
X-linked recessive inheritance ✅males- only males in the family will have the disorder
History of death- a history of girls dying at birth for unknown reason often exists (female
who had the affected gene on both X chromosomes)
Unaffected- sons of affected man are unaffected
Parents- the parents of the affected children do not have the disorder
Risk factors for high risk pregnancy ✅-existing health conditions- STD
-malnourishment
-low socio-economic status
-multiple births/gestation
-maternal age - above 35 years old or below 18 years old - preterm, multiple gestation,
chromosomal abnormalities, bleeding in the first trimester
Types of spontaneous abortion ✅1. Threatened
2. Inevitable
3. Complete
4. Incomplete
5. Missed
6. Habitual/ 3 or more consecutive abortion
7. Septic
Threatened abortion ✅-slight bleeding
-abdomical cramps; may or may not be present USUALLY NO PAIN
-cervical dilation; none
-tissue passage; none
-fever; no
-activity; monitor POC, avoid sexual contact, monitor bleeding
-medications; tocolytic (ritodrine, isoxsuprine, terbutaline)
Inevitable abortion ✅-moderate bleeding
-moderate abdominal cramps
-cervical dilation; open
-tissue passage; none
-fever; no
-activity; check fundus for firmness
Complete ✅-bleeding; small to negative
-abdomical cramps; moderate
-CD; close or partially open
-TP; complete placenta with fetus
-fever;no
Incomplete ✅-severe bleeds to the most
-AC; severe
-CD; open with tissue in cervix
-TP; fetal or incomplete placental tissue
-fever no
-fluid replacement; IVF (LR/PNSS)
-medications; oxytocin (>12) antibiotics (ampicilin, metronidazole) analgesics
-P/S; vacuum aspiration (12<) completion curretage
-blood t; bld typng/crossmatching
Missed abortion ✅-bleeding; none to severe
-AC; none, no FHT
-CD; none
-medications; oxytocin (>12) prostaglandin
-P/S; if no spontaneous expulsion (4 weeks), dilation & evacuation
Habitual abortion ✅-may represent signs of any of the above; usually detected in the
threatened phase; cervical closure may be employed
-medications; tocolytics, oxytocin, prostaglandin, misoprostol, rhogam
-P/S; counselling D&C
Septic abortion ✅-bleeding; mild to severe
-AC; severe
-CD; close or open with or without tissue
-TP; possibly foul smelling
-fever; yes
-fluid replacement; IVF(LR/PNSS)
-medications; oxytocin (12>) antibiotics (cephalosporins, ampicilin, metronidazol
-P/S; urethral catheterization, curretage
-blood test; blood typing/ crossmatching
Ectopic pregnancy ✅-a condition where pregnancy develops outside the uterine cavity
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