SOCA 101 Exam #1
Sociology - Answer- scientific study of human social relationships, groups, and societies.
Principle of social embeddedness - Answer- Idea that economic, political and other forms of human behavior are fundamentally shaped by social relations
Types of Social Interactions -...
SOCA 101 Exam #1
Sociology - Answer- scientific study of human social relationships, groups, and
societies.
Principle of social embeddedness - Answer- Idea that economic, political and other
forms of human behavior are fundamentally shaped by social relations
Types of Social Interactions - Answer- -Interaction between individuals
-Interactions between groups
-Interaction between nations
Problems with Common Sense - Answer- -Often distorts reality
-Often contradictory
-Perceptions change over time
-Based on myths and misconceptions
Social Imagination - Answer- The ability to grasp the relationship between individual
lives and the larger social forces that shapes them
-Relationship between personal troubles and public issues (unhappy couple ->
national divorce trends)
Agency - Answer- ability of individuals and groups to exercise free will and to make
social change whether on a small or large scale
Structure - Answer- patterned social arrangements that have an effect on agency
Critical Thinking - Answer- The ability to evaluate claims about the truth by using
reason and evidence
Sociological Thinking is rooted in four interrelated historical developments - Answer-
-Scientific revolution: belief in science and reason
-The Enlightenment: equality, liberty, and fundamental human rights
-The Industrial Revolution: shift from agriculture to manufacturing
-Urbanization: mass migration from rural farms to urban factories
Auguste Comte - Answer- Father of Sociology
-Argued for the empirical study of society
-Analyzed social statics and dynamics
Positivism - Answer- A belief that accurate knowledge must be based on the
scientific method
Harriet Martineau - Answer- -Earliest observers of American culture
-Used social observation to record and analyze the American social structure
-Focused on gender discrimination & slavery
, Max Weber - Answer- -Argued importance of ideas, ideologies and charismatic
leaders
-Argued for verstehen (subjective understanding)
-Argued for value-free sociology
Rationalization of society - Answer- the long term historical process by which
rationality replaced tradition as the basis for organizing social and economic life
Karl Marx - Answer- -Analyzed Industrial Revolution
-Studied capitalism, class conflict, and alienation
-Predicted that conflict would result from widespread economic inequality
Emile Durkheim
-Collective conscience
-Anomie
-Mechanical solidarity
-Organic solidarity - Answer- Analyzed social order, social solidarity, division of labor,
and social integration
-Function of deviance to define normal (Functionalist)
-Collective conscience: shared values of society
-Anomie: normlessness
-Mechanical solidarity: traditional, bonds based on similarity
-Organic solidarity: modern industrial, bonds based on specialization and
interdependence
W.E.B. DuBois
-Double consciousness - Answer- -1st to use community studies as the basis for
sociological work
-Brilliant, lasting analysis of the significance of race in U.S.
-African Americans experience double consciousness (awareness as Americans;
Blacks)
Jane Addams - Answer- Social reformer
-Addressed social problems which enabled her to contribute to social reform while
developing and testing theories
-Encouraged attention to social complexities (gender, race, class and power)
Sociological Theory
-Macro-level
-Micro-level - Answer- Logical, rigorous frameworks for the interpretation of social life
that make particular assumptions and ask particular questions about the social world
-Macro: focuses on large scale patterns and processes that characterize society as a
whole
-Micro: focuses on small scale patterns of individuals' social interaction in specific
settings
Functionalism - Answer- Society is a complex system of interdependent parts that
works together to ensure a society's survival
-Focuses on consensus and cooperative interaction in social life
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