atomic number - the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, usually equals the number of
neutrons
Isotope - Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
formula for atomic mass - Atomic Number + Neutrons
mole - the SI base unit used to measure the amount of a substance 6.022 x 10^23
Bohr's Atomic Model - Atoms have levels surrounding the nucleus where electrons are found. Levels can
hold different amounts of electrons depending on their distance from the nucleus.
Wave-Mechanical Model [Schrodinger's Model] - Modern model of the atom, atoms have electrons in
"orbitals" that are like clouds around the nucleus
Quantum Numbers - A set of four numbers that specify the properties of atomic orbitals and the
properties of electrons in orbitals
Principal Quantum Number (s) - symbolized by n, indicates the main energy level/shell occupied by the
electron. N is the row in the periodic table
, Secondary Quantum Number - symbol = l; tells which sublevel the electron is on and determines the
shape of the orbital; sublevels are repetitively numbered and also lettered
Valence Electrons - The electrons in the outermost shell, which participate in the bonding between
atoms.
Pauli Exclusion Principle - An atomic orbital may describe at most two electrons, each with opposite spin
direction
Bonding Energy - The energy required to separate two atoms that are chemically bonded to each other
to an infinite distance
What does a column group represent in a periodic table? - Similar valence electron
configurations/structure and chemical/physical properties
Electropositive Elements - The elements have a tendency to release valence electrons (metals) and have
a low electronegativity
Electronegative Elements - The elements having a tendency to accept valence electrons (non-metals)
and have a high electronegativity. [MC]
What is the general trend on the periodic table for increasing the Electronegativity? - The
electronegativity usually increases from left to right and bottom to top. [MC]
Ionic Bonding and Directonality - Chemical bonding that results from the electrical attraction between
cations and anions. Electron is given. Non-directional
Covalent Bonding and Directionality - Covalent Bonding happens when electrons are shared between
two atoms and they have a similar electronegativity.
Covalend Bonds are directional
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