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APSC 151 Midterm Exam | Questions & Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated 2024/2025 Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert Solutions
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APSC 151 Midterm Exam | Questions & Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated 2024/2025 Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert Solutions

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APSC 151 Midterm Exam | Questions & Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated 2024/2025
Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert Solutions

Geosphere - Physical things, includes rocks, landforms, Earth's interior



Hydrosphere - Water



Atmosphere - Air



Biosphere - Living things



Triple Bottom Line (3BL) - Considers economic, social, and environmental limitations



Physical geology - Study of Earth materials and seeks to understand the processes that operate on and
beneath the surface



Historical geology - Study of the origin of Earth and its development through time



Engineering geology - Analysis of Earth history and processes and the impact on human activities



Relationships between people and the environment - Population growth, resources, natural hazards,
waste management



Catastrophism - Shaping of the Earth's landscape by catastrophes



Uniformitarianism - If it is happening now then it happened in the past and vice versa (James Hutton)



Big Bang Theory - Large explosion sent all matter in universe flying outward at incredible speeds then
they started clumping and forming things



When does Earth form - 4.6-4.3 billion years ago matters collects to form Earth

,How does moon form - Forms from a collision of a space rock hitting Earth



Hadeon Eon - 4.3-3.8 billion years ago, unstable crust forms, iron pulled to core and lighter elements go
to surface, first life of RNA in membrane is 4 million years ago



Earth's internal structure from surface downwards - Crust, mantle, core



Types of body waves - Pressure and shear waves travel through Earth's interior



Pressure waves - Faster than shear waves and travel through all materials



Shear waves - Can only travel through solids and are slower



Surface waves - Strongest but also slowest and don't travel far



Rock cycle - Loop that changes rock from one type to another



Relative dating through crustal processes - Can determine relative dates of crust by comparing types of
rock, erosion, sedimentary rock, and faults



Radiometric dating - Can determine how fast an isotope decays and use absolute dating to determine
somethings original age



Law of superposition - Younger rock layers are deposited over older rock layers



Principle of fossil succession - Fossil organisms success each other in a determinable order



Principle of original horizontality - Layers of sediment form initially horizontal flat rock layers

, Principle of cross-cutting relations - Younger features (dykes, faults) cut across older features (layers)



Unconformities - Break or grab in the rock record caused by erosion or nondeposition



Continental Drift - Alfred Wegener (1915) proposed continents moved around the planet



Plate tectonics - Current detailed understanding of how continents move and interact



Pangea - Initial "supercontinent" where all continents were attached together



Wilson Cycle - Supercontinents continually form and disperse



Evidence for continental drift - Fit of continents across Atlantic ocean, evidence of ice ages, identical
fossils, paleomagnetics, rock structures



Paleomagnetics - Magnetic polarities on rocks are identical at different points in the ocean due to
igneous rock forming in ocean that captures Earth's shifting magnetic field in patterns



Rock types that prove continental drift - Rock types and faults are identical in different parts of world



Lithosphere - Consists of uppermost mantle and overlying crust that is broken into moving plates,
behaves as a strong rigid layer



Asthenosphere - Lower mantle region that consists of liquid rock



Rate of moving plates - 2-5 cm/year



How do tectonic plates move - By convection in the mantle (hot magma moving up and cool magma
moving down)

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