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APSC 151 final Exam | Questions & Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated 2024/2025 Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert Solutions
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APSC 151 final Exam | Questions & Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated 2024/2025 Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert Solutions

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  • August 4, 2024
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APSC 151 final Exam | Questions & Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated 2024/2025
Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert Solutions



force - Puts stationary objects in motion or changes the motions of moving bodies



compressive strain - - negative

Continuous tectonic plate movement creates stresses and strains in the crust



Deformation - refers to all changes in the original form and/or size of a rock body

- Most crustal deformation occurs along or near plate margins

- Small amounts of strain over geological time cause large changes



elastic deformation - region where the material will return to its original shape when the stress is
removed



brittle fracture - - Breaks into pieces

- Low temps and pressures near the surface

Ex. Faults, joints



ductile deformation - - Permanent deformation without breaking

- High temps and pressures deep: solid state flow

- Often with metamorphism

Ex. folds



differential stress - Applied unequally from different directions



compressional stress - differential stress that shortens a rock body



tensional stress - elongates a rock body

,shear stress - changes the shape of a rock body



crystal deformation - Under directed pressure (from tectonics), atoms can move (slowly) within a solid
to create shortening in one direction



faults - Faults are large scale shear ruptures and fractures in the crust both locally and globally



folds - ductile deformations outlined by folded strata or folded fabric that we know used to be
horizontal or vertical

- Most folds result from compressional stresses which shorten and thicken the crust

PARTS:

*Limbs :*Two sides of a fold

*Axis:* Crest of the fold - Perpendicular to the shortening or the compression

*Plunge:* Incline axis

*Axial plane:* Divides a fold as symmetrically as possible



joints - smaller scale fractures that form an extension or shear, and *veins* are those fractures that have
been filled in with mineralization

- fractures that result from brittle deformation - typically no displacement

*SIGNIFICANCE OF JOINTS*:

- Chemical weathering concentrates around joints

- Many mineral deposits are emplaced along joint systems

- Highly jointed rocks represent a risk to construction projects by forming unstable blocks(causes
instability underground)



dip - steepest angle or inclination (from horizontal) to plane

- dip direction is bearing or azimuth of dip (measure from North)



strike - azimuth 90 degrees to dip direction

,anticline - an upward fold in rock formed by compression of Earth's crust

- Fold with OLDER layers on the inside



syncline - - Down-warped or troughs of layers

- Fold with younger layers on the inside



domes - doubly plunging anticline

- oldest strata on inside, youngest on outside



basin - doubly plunging syncline

- oldest strata on outside, youngest on inside



strike-slip fault - a type of fault where rocks on either side move past each other sideways with little up
or down motion

- Dominant displacement is horizontal and parallel to the strike of the fault



normal fault - A type of fault where the hanging wall slides downward; caused by tension (extension) in
the crust

- prevalent where plate divergence occurs

*Graben* Central block drops as plates separate

*Horst* Raised blocks between grabens



reverse fault (thrust) - a type of fault where the hanging wall slides upward; caused by compression
(shortening) in the crust



engineering properties of gold - - high electrical conductivity

- malleability (can be worked into flakes)

- corrosion resistance (gold is inert)

- melting point approximately 1000C

, - heavy (1 milk carton of gold contains 19.2 kg)



engineering properties of quartz - - almost no electrical conductivity (insulator)

- piezoelectric (will generate electricity when compressed)

- reliable harmonic oscillation (used for timekeeping)

- very stiff and strong (high hardness)

- melting point approx. 700C (used to make glass)

- low density among minerals (2.2x heavier than water)



physical property - Characteristics of SOLID matter that can be observed or measured without changing
the composition of the sample



porosity - The volume of void space divided by the total volume

AVERAGE POROSITY:

sand = 30-50%

sandstone = 1-5%

mud = 70-80%

shale = 5-20%

chalk = 50%

limestone = 20%



Permeability - the ability of fluid to flow through a porous solid



flow velocity - The distance the fluid travels through a system in a given period of time.

v = k(h/L)

- Under the same pressure conditions, water flows 1 million times faster in sand than in clay



density - Mass/volume - kg/m3 - amount of matter per volume

- Water = 100 kg/m3

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