HIEU 201
Black Death - ANS-Originated from fleas on black rats. Started in Gobi dessert, Mongolia.
Moved to Russia. Then Sicily by ships. Spread by human contact. Mostly found in popluated
areas. Thought it was divine punishment for human sins. Massacres of Jews (not by Papacy).
Caused production to plummet, letting people rise up and demand higher wages.
Catholic/ Counter Reformation - ANS-Catholic: broader changes that took place were
independent or parallel to the protestant reform
Counter: reaction/response to the protestant reformation
BOTH! reform efforts before Lutehr, then slowed down before picking up after the protestant
reform.
1. Pre-Luther reform:
Archbishop of Toledo, Francisco, had a goal to reform clergy. To preach the Gospel, instruct
children, believeing the key was in education so he created a university promotting humanist
learning.
Complutensian Polyglot Bible: parallel bible w/ Hebre, greek, and latin
Christian humanist: erasmus, a french NT published.
Reforming popes beforer and after Luther
Impact:
personal spirituality
quality of clergy
charitable outreach
missions accross europe and world (spiritual and strategic)
polyglot bible
christian humanist
Council of Trent: doctrinal issues - ANS-1. justification
2. authority: twofold, tradition of church and scripture were considered equal authority
3. sacraments: affirmed all 7, eucharist (real communion), asking St.s to interceded for them by
praying to them
Council of Trent: goals - ANS-1. reform the church
2. clarify disputed doctrine and condemn heresy
3. restore peace and unity- wanted one church
Council of Trent: reform isuues - ANS-pastoral mission of church
training of priests
every bishop required to found a school
training or priests
, every bishop required to found a school
duty to preach gospel
required bishop to live where he ministered
Erasmus - ANS-Most influential Christian humanist
Writings:
"Handbook of the Christian Soldier" (calls church back to the bible, attempt to explain
philosophy of Christ's supremecy, calls lay people to reform, study scriptrue and pray personally
which was a revolutionary idea of the time) but most famous for "Praise of Folly" (humorous:
ridiculing scholastics, and calling to return to apostolic worship)
Significance: Greek New Testament- published as a book for the first time, scholars where then
able to discuss in depth and collaborate for better accuracy and understand, making the NT in
its original language available to all, 1516 (luther could use this which ignites his work, a def
connection)
Forces behind European expansion - ANS-1. Economic: trade
2. Political: competition, centralized monarchy
3. Religious: converting other to Christianity (spiritual and strategic)
4. Technilogical: guns, ships, navigation
1492: the last muslim stronghold at Granada was defeated, and the whole peninsula belonged
to spain for Christendom. Queen Isabella. Which allowed her to fund Columbus to expand
Europe
Humanism in the Italian Renaissance - ANS-What: an admiration for all things classical and
ancient, especially literature
When: Renessaince
Where: Italy
Key figures:
Petrarch- father of human, first to regenerate importance of literature
Pico della Mirandola- "Oration on the dignity of man"
Lorenzo Valla- textual criticism, looks at the language to discover it was not authentic
Impact:
Focusing on the positive qualities of man- medieval focused on man's sin, renassaince focused
on man being created in God's image.
Sense of history- medieval mind saw the dividing line was Christ but did not see the difference
of them compared to those before them
Rediscovery of the classics
An educational program- a "renassaince" man was well rounded and educated,
humanities-practical, emphasized rhetoric
Impact of European Expansion - ANS-CORN!
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