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BioPhysical Agents Exam 1 (1).
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BioPhysical Agents Exam 1 (1).
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BioPhysical Agents Exam 1What should the heat make the tissue go up too? Anything more would cause tissue damage -
ANS-104-113 degrees
What should the hydroculator be set to temperature wise? - ANS-158-167 degrees
What is the purpose therapeutic modalities? - ANS-Add to or complement a comprehensive
rehab plan, to stretch or prepare an individual for exercise
What are the 3 types of biophysical agents? - ANS-Thermal
Elctromagnetic
Mechanical
What are the types of thermal agents? - ANS-Heat: moist hot pack
Cold: Ice massage
What are the different types of electromagnetic agents? - ANS-Electrotherapy
Diathermy
Light therapy
What are some examples of mechanical physical agents? - ANS-Compression
Traction devices
Acoustic energy such as ultrasound
What is the clinical decision making to use a modality based upon? - ANS-Effectiveness of
modality
Use for pain
Increase ROM
Improve tissue healing
,If using ultrasound to increase tissue temperate to allow for increased elasticity of tissue, how
could we determine the effectiveness of this? - ANS-Goniometric ROM could be used to
measure effectiveness
Then check reach to a higher shelf or other functional activity
What kind of cautions would a patient have that may lead to problems such as tissue burning? -
ANS-Complete thourough history and evaluation
Impaired cutaneous sensation would be a contraindication
What is the 1st thing to consider when adding a therapeutic modality to a treatment plan? -
ANS-1st determine stage of healing of tissue
What are the 3 stages of tissue healing? - ANS-Inflammatory phase
Proliferative and maturation phase
Remodeling phase
Following acute injury, tissue blood vessels and lymphatic vessels are disrupted. What is
released to facilitate homeostasis? - ANS-Platelets are released
Platelets are released to facilitate homestasis and trigger the release of what? - ANS-Release of
growth factors that faciliated the later phases of healing
Platelets trigger the release of growth factors that facilitate the later phase of healing and
homeostasis. How does vascular permeability change during the acute phase? - ANS-Increased
vascular permeability and fluid moves from blood vessels into the interstitial spaces with
resultant edmea formation
What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation? - ANS-Heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of
function
Why is there pain with inflammation in the acute phase? - ANS-Perception of pain due to
nociceptors responding to mechanical and chemical stimuli
Describe what happens during the proliferative phase of healing? - ANS-Revascularization and
collagen production repair the tissue defect.
Tissue is fragile and can be re-injured if too much stress is placed on it
Describe the final stage of maturation of tissue healing? - ANS-Collagen remodeling, as type 1
collagen replaces type 3.
,Increase in tissue strength as tissue is sturdy and requires gradual increase in mechanical
stress for collagen alignment
What is the primary goal of using a therapeutic modality in the acute stage of tissue healing? -
ANS-Minimize inflammation and expedite healing process
What is the best modality to use during the acute stage of healing? - ANS-Ice and compression
What is the primary goal of using modalities in the proliferative phase of healing? -
ANS-Facilitate blood flow and enhance cellular activity
What modality is most appropriate in the repair process stage of healing (proliferative phase)? -
ANS-Introduction of mild heating agents
What are the best type of modalities to use in the maturation stage of healing and why? -
ANS-Provide heat to deeper tissues to enhance the extensibility and organization of collagen to
regain flexibility in healing tissue
Describe why pain is a complex phenomenon - ANS-Individual and subjective experience.
Multidimensional that involves CNS, emotions, thoughts and beliefs.
When there is tissue damage, the stimulation of nociceptors sends what? - ANS-Nocicpetors
send signals through PNS through spinal cord then to brain. Nociceptors respond to chemical,
mechanical or thermal stimuli. Then signal reaches and is interpreted by the cortex
Nociceptors are activated by chemical substances that are released after tissue injury. The
signal is conducted by what fibers to the CNS? - ANS-A-delta and C nerve fibers
What is peripheral sensitization? - ANS-Nociceptors are more sensitive to activation after
stimulated by prostaglandins and histamine
What is the process called where chemical substances stimulate the nociceptors and make
them more sensitive to activation? - ANS-Peripheral sensitization
What pain fibers respond to high intensity mechanical and thermal stimuli and conduct the
signal very quickly to generate withdrawal response? - ANS-A-Delta
Describe A-delta pain fibers - ANS-Respond to high intensity mechanical stimuli and thermal
stimuli to locate stimuli and have withdraw response
Sensation is sharp, stabbing, prickling
What fibers give sensation as sharp, stabbing, or prickling? - ANS-A-delta fibers
, What fibers give sensation as dull, aching, burning? - ANS-C-fibers
Describe the pain C-fibers - ANS-Unmyelinated and conduct more slowly, responding to variety
of stimuli
What kind of fibers are unmyelinated and conduct more slowly, responding to a variety of
stimuli? - ANS-C-Fibers
Describe the A-delta and C-fiber synapses and pathway - ANS-Synapse in dorsal horn of spinal
cord with 2nd order neuron
What are the 2 types of 2nd order neurons? - ANS-Nociceptive-specific neurons (High threshold
neurons)
Wide-dynamic range neuron
The high threshold neurons receive information from what? - ANS-Nociceptive only
The wide-dynamic range neurons are 1 of 2 nociceptive-specific 2nd order neurons. What do
they receive input from? - ANS-Nociceptive and nonnociceptive afferent fibers
What is central sensitization? - ANS-Both the high threshold neurons and wide-dynamic range
2nd order neurons are more easily timulated after tissue injury
What is the process when 2nd order neurons (high threshold and wide-dynamic range neurons)
become more easily stimulated after tissue injury? - ANS-Central sensitization
What is the most commonly used theory to explain pain inhibition using therapeutic modalities?
- ANS-Gate control theory
Describe the gate control theory - ANS-Used to explain pain inhibition.
Stimulation of large-diameter A-beta afferent fibers activate local inhibitory circuits in the dorsal
horn of SC and prevent nociceptive input from reaching the higher brain centers.
What theory is characterized by the stimulation of large-diameter A-beta afferent fibers activate
local inhibitory circuits in the dorsal horn of SC and prevent nociceptive input from reaching the
higher brain centers? - ANS-Gate control theory
What are the 2 types of therapeutic modalities that stimulate A-beta fibers? - ANS-E-Stim
Superficial heat
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