biology 113 (bio II lab) midterm- Lesley cotten MC Exam | Questions & Answers (100
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experiment 1- bean world - natural selection
scatter plot for natural selection - - represent correlation among variables, should include line of best fit
- LBF represents avg of data NOT projecting past data set
- do NOT connect individual data
- pos or neg correlation
- ex: tadpole survivors in different concentrations of pollution
line graph for natural selection - - x shows time and y shows survival (from example)
- even ticks
bar graph for natural selection - - compares multiple groups
- should be space between bars NOT a histogram
- each bar = a group
- y axis shows what's measured (dependent variable)
- example: what pH range has the highest # of tadpole survivors?
how to calculate general average size (bean world, natural selection) - gen avg = [(# small x size of small)
+ (# medium x size of medium) + (# large x size of large)] / total number of individuals
a good graph has... - - independent variable on the x-axis (manipulated)
- dependent variable on the y-axis (resulting)
- each axis labelled with the name of the variable AND units
- different symbol shapes (or colors) for different data sets and a key to identify them
- axes that are scaled appropriately and take up at least 75% of the graph
- a descriptive legend ("figure legend")
,conditions for natural selection - 1. Variation in phenotype
2. There must be a difference in relative fitness
3. Traits must be heritable
adaptation definition - characteristics that evolve by natural selection in response to specific challenges
species diversity definition - results from separate populations taking different evolutionary paths
evolutionary change is defined as what? - a change in frequency of genetic traits in a population of a
species ("what fraction of the total population has a given trait?")
what are evolutionary forces? - processes that can cause evolutionary change, and include mutation,
migration, and natural selection
what is natural selection? - process whereby some individuals with advantageous traits survive and
reproduce while others lack these advantages and don't survive or don't reproduce as successfully
what were the roles from the bean world lab? what did they represent? - 1. stork: placed the beans
randomly, replenishes also
2. predator: blind, determines which beans live and which survive
3. scribe: records population composition for generations
experiment 2- ecosystems & pond experiment - PURPOSE: study effects of fertilizer on aquatic
ecosystems
- setting up small representatives of a pond ecosystem
- each representative stocked with various biotic and abiotic factors common to ponds
- observing anthropogenic (pollution due to human activity) effects of excess nutrients due to fertilizer
use
, 3 hypotheses from experiment 2 (ecosystems/ponds) - 1. nutrients change due to biogeochemical
cycling
2. high levels of nutrients increase growth of living organisms
3. high levels of nutrients harm growth and/or health of living organisms
define biotic factors - living factors in the ecosystem
define abiotic factors - nonliving factors in the ecosystem (water, nutrients, O2, CO2, etc.)
processes and interactions from experiment 2 (ecosystems/ponds) - 1. evaporation, condensation,
precipitation
2. photosynthesis, respiration, nitrogen fixation
3. predation, competition, extinction, speciation
ecosystem processes involve what 2 things? - transfers of energy and nutrients
- energy flow, but it is NOT recycled
- nutrients cycle (matter is not created nor destroyed)
humans manipulate nutrient cycles how? - 1. fertilizer is applied to crop fields to increase animal
production
2. disposal of human waste returns nutrients to the environment that were tied up in human food
production and consumption
(exp 2) how to tell male mosquitofish, Gambia affinis - gonopod
FEMALES: have black dot when pregnant
(exp 2) male crayfish have a gonopod made of what? - modified swimming legs
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