What do we need to know to calculate a dilution? - Need concentration & volume
Personal Protective Equipment - Goggles, gloves, hair tie, closed toe shoes
Required to bring lab manual and goggles everyday
Beer-Lambert Law - Concentration of solute molecules is directly proportional to the
absorbance.
Bradford Assay - When reagent binds to proteins, the dye undergoes a color change
(from red brown to dark blue) with the absorbance maximum moving from 470 to 595
nm.
- Proteins are measured in blue wavelength (assay)
- Carbs are measured in red wavelength (oxidase)
Why is the bradford assay used? - The assay is put into the spectrophotometer that
shines a light through the sample and using the readings we plug it into the standard
curve equation to get the quantitative measurements of protein concentration.
SDS-Page - Separates proteins primarily by mass because the ionic detergent SDS
denatures and binds to proteins to make them uniformly negatively charged. Gel
separates by size
If there is no band present in the gel that means no copies of the template were made.
Relative difference - You need to minus the higher concentration by the lower
concentration and then divide by lower concentration and then times it by 100
Glycogen - Polymer, non-polar, large molecule
It is a "storage" carbohydrate and glucose is the monomer. It is linked by glycosidic
bonds.
, Enzymes in Glycogen - Will hydrolyze the glycosidic bond which will release a free
glucose
Glucose Oxidase - This reagent is an enzyme mixed with a dye to detect glucose
This enzyme will convert glycogen into individual glucose monomers.
Colorimetric Assay - An assay which produces or takes away a color is proportioned to
the amount of molecules present.
Amyloglucosidase - Breaks the 1:4 linkage in the glycogen molecule which allows the
glucose to become free and measure free glucose.
Difference between starch/glucose and cellulose - Glycogen and starch are made up of
ɑ-glucose that allow it to have a structure that is branched while cellulose is made up of
-glucose and is unbranched and is more of a straight chain polymer.
Hypertonic - A solution will be hypertonic to a cell if its solute concentration is higher
than that inside the cell. (Cloudy, cells still intact)
Isotonic - A solution that has the same salt concentration as cells and blood. (Semi-
cloudy, cells still intact)
Hypotonic - A solution that has lower osmotic pressure than another solution to which it
is compared. (Transparent, cells are about to burst or already burst)
C1V1=C2V2 - C1 is the concentration of the starting solution. V1 is the volume of the
starting solution. C2 is the concentration of the final solution. V2 is the volume of the
final solution.
Plasma Membrane - Controls what is inside and what can leave. The membrane is
selectively permeable because it only allows certain molecules or ions to pass through
it. Larger uncharged polar molecules, such as glucose, cannot.
Why is sucrose impermeable? - An impermeable solute because it is a large molecule
that would need a transport channel to be able to go through a membrane. It would not
be able to go through the phospholipid bilayer as this membrane has hydrophobic tails
and would not allow a polar molecule such as sucrose to go through.
Oxidative Phosphorylation - Is powered by a proton gradient which is created by the
electron transport chain.
ATP Cells - Are made during oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. Tissues that do
a lot of metabolism require high levels of ATP.
Glucose uses what transporter? - Uses protein transporter to transport into cells
(passive/active)
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