Homeostasis - Body's ability to maintain dynamic steady state of internal balance
Hyperplasia - Increased number of cells
Hypertrophy - Increased size of cell
Atrophy - Reduced size of cell
Metaplasia - Replacement of one cell type with another that can better endure stress
but not as effective as original tissue. i.e. scar tissue, callous
Dysplasia - Abnormal cell growth results in abnormal size shape or appearance,
precedes cancerous changes
Free radical injury
Hypoxic cell injury
Impaired calcium function - Three mechanisms of cellular injury
Free Radical Injury - Highly reactive chemical molecules with an unpaired electron in
their outer orbit that pulls electrons off of healthy cell molecules > cell damage; cancers;
other disease states result.
Hypoxic Cell Injury - cellular oxygen deprivation. Brain/Heart/Kidneys are high
consumers of O2. Caused by lack of O2 or impaired blood flow to the tissue >
inflammatory response
Impaired Calcium Function
causing inappropriate activation of cellular enzymes - Ca++ is an important signalling
ion for many cell responses. If the cell is injured, calcium builds up inside the cell and
many cell structures are damaged. - causing?
Reversible cell injury - Causes impaired cell function but NOT DEATH. Body can repair
itself and return to normal homeostasis if the injury is reversed in time before cell death
results
Water
Lipids
Calcium - Three types of reversible cell injury
Water - abnormal amounts of?
,Sodium builds up in cell due to the breakdown of the sodium [Na+] - potassium [K+]
pump. Consequently, sodium collects inside the cell and attracts water > intracellular
swelling. Usually due to hypoxic injury.
Lipids - Abnormal amounts of?
collects in cells leading to impairment of cell functions. "Fatty liver" is often the result.
Fatty changes are a more ominous sign of cell injury than swelling, but can be reversed
with dietary changes.
Calcium - Abnormal amounts of?
builds up in cell due to breakdown of the Calcium [Ca++] - Magnesium [Mg++] pump.
Consequently, calcium collects inside the cell and causes inappropriate activation of
cellular enzymes > damages cell internally.
Apoptosis - Controlled cell death by implosion. Membrane maintains integrity, cell
contents not released into extracellular space, no inflammatory response.
8-10 days - How long do WBCs live?
3 months - How long do RBCs live?
Necrosis - Uncontrolled cell death. Membrane looses integrity, cell contents released
into extracellular and inflammatory response.
Telomeres - Outermost tails of chromosomes that are shortened each replication. When
too short cell dies
elasticity - Example of cellular aging
Decrease in ______________________ of blood vessels > atherosclerosis and high
blood pressure
Bowel - Example of cellular aging
Loss of ___________ motility due to aging or medications > Chronic constipation
Muscle mass - Example of cellular aging
Loss of _____________ ____________ due to aging, malnutrition, eating disorders,
etc. > muscle weakness, problems with balance
subcutaneous fat - Loss of __________________ ________ due to aging or extreme
dieting, cancer, malnutrition, etc. > problems regulating temperature, and skin
breakdown over bony areas especially if bed-bound
,inflammation - Response to injury,toxin, stress, trauma. Needed for tissue repair.
Overall healthy unless chronic. -
Bone Marrow - blood components
Thymus gland - T-cells from lymphocytes
Lymph nodes, tonsils and spleen - Organs of the immune system
Thymus Gland - Where are T-Cells produced from lymphoytes
Inflammation - Cells of ___________________
Endothelial cells
Platelets
Leukocytes
Endothelial cells - Line blood vessels, releases products that vasodilate/vasoconstrict.
Cause blood thinning, allow entrance and exit sites of blood vessels, control
inflammatory mediators
Platelets - Thrombocytes- responsible for blood coagulation/clotting. Release over 300
potent inflammatory mediators.
Leukocytes - White blood cells, major cellular component of inflammatory response.
Classified as granulocytes or agranulocytes
Leukocytosis - Higher then normal production of WBCs.
Swelling
Heat
Altered function
Redness
Pain - S.H.A.R.P
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes - Two types of Leukocytes
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils - Three Granulocytes
Neutrophils
"New"trophils arrives first for a "new" infection - Granulocyte accounts for 60% of WBC,
increased ACUTE bacterial infection and first responder
Eosinophils - Granulocyte elevated in allergic reaction & parasite infections
Basophil - Granulocyte elevated in allergic reaction
Lymphocytes and Monocytes - Two types of Agranulocytes
, Lymphocytes - Agranulocyte accounting for 30% of WBC, B & T cells, increased in
VIRAL and CHRONIC infection
Monocytes - Agranulocyte circulating in the bloodstream, migrates into tissue to become
macrophages
T cells - "Timely" response before b-cells. Produced from lymphocytes in the thymus
gland. Consist of:
-memory
-helper
-killer
-suppressor
-natural killer cells.
Memory T cells - Remain in lymph nodes for many years after infection so if same
pathogen enters rapid immune response can happen.
Helper t cells - Activate/regulate T&B cells
Killer t cells - Attack virus infected cells and tumor cells. Ingests ANTIGENS via
phagocytosis.
Natural killer cells - Attack abnormal cells such as cancer cells. These are lymphoid
cells that can destroy cancer cells (have different cell surface markers than killer T
Cells).
Suppressor t cells - Returns the functioning of the immune system back to normal after
infection. Prevents autoimmunity.
B cells - Back up response and makes antibodies. Slower response time the t-cells.
Humoral immune response. Produced by lymphocytes in Bone marrow. Releases
antiBodies that activate t-cells. Takes time to make antibodies.
Antigens - Proteins on cell surface that identify it as foreign or not. Cell specific. -
"antibody genterator" anything that triggers the body to make antibodies (pollen, toxins,
pathogens, etc)
Antibodies
(B-Cell Lymphocytes) - Immunoglobulins are the bodies compliment to antigens. When
antibodies attach to antigens cells cannot reproduce. Lock and key analogy.
Antibodies - How ________________________ (immunoglobulins) are made -
1.White blood cells (leukocytes) are made in the bone marrow
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