Pyelonephritis - inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney
Chronic Pyelonephritis - Interstitial fibrosis and atrophy of tubules due to multiple bouts
of acute pyelonephritis
Can be associated with chronic UTI's, vesicoureteral reflux, or kidney stones
Cystitis - Inflammation of the bladder
Common pathogens are E. Coli and staphylococcus saphrophyticus
Symptoms of cystitis - Frequency, urgency, dysuria, lower back pain
Renal cell carcinoma - cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells
Renal adenoma - small, slow-growing glandular noncancerous tumor of the kidney
Renal transitional cell carcinoma - rare and primarily arises in the renal parenchyma and
renal pelvis.
Transitional cell carcinoma - a malignant tumor of the urinary tract that is often found
within the urinary bladder or within the renal pelvis. Generally occurs in older men.
Gross painless hematuria
Gomerulonephritis - inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney
Primary glomerulonephritis - inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneys that occurs
independently of other chronic conditions; usually the result of an acute infectious
process
secondary glomerulonephritis - inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneys that results
from other chronic conditions, such as lupus erythematosus or diabetes.
Symptoms of glomerulonephritis - Hematuria with red blood cell casts, proteinuria with
albumin, oliguria, HTN, edema, nephrotic sediment
Nephrotic syndrome - loss of large amounts of plasma protein, usually albumin, through
urine due to an increased permeability of the glomerular membrane
, Causes of nephrotic syndrome - Membranous glomerulonephritis
Minimal change nephropathy
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
-systemic disease such as diabetes or lupus
Hypospadias - congenital abnormality in which the male urethral opening is on the
undersurface of the penis, instead of at its tip
Epispadias - Opening of the urethra on the superior surface of the penis
Chordee - a downward curvature of the penis, often associated with hypospadias
Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor) - A rapidly developing malignancy of the kidneys,
usually affecting children before age 5. Normally found by parents due to swelling.
PCOS diagnosis - Have to have two of the following:
-Irregular ovulation
-Elevated levels of androgen
-Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound
PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome) - An endocrine disorder associated with chronic
anovulation, most common in young women (teens to twenties). High LH/FSH ratio in
blood; A hormonal disorder causing enlarged ovaries with small cysts on the outer
edges.
Chlamydia - A bacterial infection that affects the reproductive organs of both males and
females. Can cause permanent damage to a woman's reproductive system. Can also
cause ectopic pregnancy.
Symptoms of Chlamydia - urethritis; penile and vaginal discharges; abdominal, rectal, or
testicular pain; painful intercourse; irregular menses
Syphilis - an STD that attacks many parts of the body and is caused by a small
bacterium called a spirochete. 3 phases
Primary stage of syphilis - the first few weeks of a syphilis infection during which the
chancre is present and can be present on the mouth, penis, vagina, anus
secondary stage of syphilis - Skin rashes and/or sores in the mouth, vagina, or anus. A
rash that appears on the soles of the feet or palms. Fever, swollen lymph nodes, sore
throat, patchy hair loss, headaches, weight loss, muscle aches, fatigue
Latent syphilis - the third stage of syphilis, which may last for years, during which
symptoms disappear although the person is still infected
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller VasilyKichigin. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $13.48. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
