Lung cancer - Most commonly diagnosed cancer and leading cause of cancer death
Other prevalent cancers - Breast
Prostate
Colorectal
Stomach
Liver
Plasticity - The ability of genes to organize physiologically or structurally in response to environmental
conditions during fetal development
, Developmental origins hypothesis - Nutrition and other environmental factors affect cellular pathways
during gestation, enabling a single genotype to produce a broad range of adult phenotypes
Maternal nutrition, as well as environment factors, are proposed as significant biologic influences
Dutch Famine Birth Cohort - Studied the effects of prenatal undernutrition in humans
Undernutrition is linked to increased heart disease, metabolic disorders, and possibly breast cancer
decades later
Diethylstilbestrol - Synthetic estrogen
DES exposure in utero increases the risk of female reproductive tract cancer throughout a woman's
childbearing years
Also daughters of women who took DES during pregnancy may have a slight increased risk of breast
cancer before age 40
Sons may have increased incidence of hypospadias, cryptorchidism, and testicular cancer
Multigenerational - Direct exposure
Simultaneous exposure of multiple generations to an environmental factor
Transgenerational phenotype is transmitted to future generations via germline inheritance
Somatic cells - Critical for adult-onset disease in exposed individual; not transmitted to future
generations as transgenerational effect
Germ cells - Allows transmission between generations; promotes transgenerational phenotype
Smoking causes - Inflammatory response
Increase in reactive oxygen species - ^oxidative stress which alters cellular proteins
Immunosuppressive effects
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