wgu c224 objective assessment research foundations
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WGU C224 Objective Assessment Research Foundations
Exam Expected Study Guide Questions and Answers
(2024/2025) (Verified Answers)
Importance of educational research - ANSWER develop critical thinking, evaluate
elements of studies to reduce bias, ask questions regarding evidence
Major Divisions of the AERA - ANSWER A. admin, organization, and leadership
B. curricular studies
C. Learning and instruction
D. measurement and research methodology
E. counseling and human development
F. history
G. social context of ed
H. research, eval, and assess in schools
I. education in the professions
J. post secondary ed
K. teaching and teacher ed
L. educational policy and politics
Objectives of Ed research - ANSWER understanding, description, explanation,
prediction, integration
descriptive research - ANSWER provide accurate description of status or
characteristics of phenom. relating variables that exist in a given situation to relevant
relationships that exist among
3 common steps of descriptive research - ANSWER 1. randomly select sample
from defined pop.
2. determine sample characteristics
3. infer characteristics of pop. based on sample
understanding - ANSWER attempt to learn about and generate ideas about
specific phenom. something that was little known and try to discover important
factors or generate new ideas.
explanatory research - ANSWER testing hypothesis and theories that explain the
functions of phenom. in detail. strongest form of research for evidence of cause and
effect.
predictive research - ANSWER predict future state of 1 or more dependent v on
basis of one or more independent v
,integration - ANSWER consolidating insights from mult. investigators, theories/
perspectives, sets of data, methods in order to understand a given entity of a study
(class, school, etc) Two perspectives emic and etic
two perspectives of integration - ANSWER emic and etic
Emic perspective - ANSWER insider' perspective, meanings and views of those
studied. inside the head of group members
etic perspective - ANSWER external, social scientific perspective. perspective of
the objective researcher. used to bring research questions from outside and uses
social scientific concepts to describe or explain behavior
5 types of educational research - ANSWER basic, evaluation, action, oriental,
applied
basic research - ANSWER focus on generating fundamental knowledge and
theoretical understanding. Often experimental and in tightly controlled environment.
builds foundation for further research.
applied research - ANSWER answering real world practical questions in order to
provide relatively immediate solutions. often leads to intervention programs
evaluation research - ANSWER how well a social or ed program works in real
world and improvement possibilities (two types summative and formative)
summative evaluation research - ANSWER judgement of effectiveness and
continuation or program
formative evaluation research - ANSWER developing judgments on how a program
can be improved and design/implementation
action research - ANSWER addressing and solving specific problems in
schools/community. research directly withing the class/work environment
oriental research - ANSWER collecting info to aid in advancing ideological,
political, or orientation the researcher believes will improve society. "giving a voice"
two main sources of knowledge - ANSWER experience and reasoning
epistemology (in general) - ANSWER studying knowledge itself- including nature,
process of generation, and how it is necessary and the standards used to judge
adequacy
empiricism - ANSWER ideal that all knowledge comes from experience. learn from
observing and doing "car is blue because i saw it"
reasoning - ANSWER idea that reason is primary source of knowledge aka
rationalism. thinking about an idea and develop understanding through logic and
analysis
, two major types of reasoning - ANSWER deductive and inductive
deductive reasoning - ANSWER drawing conclusion that is essentially true if
underlying premises are true
inductive reasoning - ANSWER foundational premises act as helpful but not
decisive reasons towards acceptance of a conclusion
problem of induction - ANSWER the future may not resemble the past
basic assumptions of science - ANSWER 1. world that can be studied
2. some of world is unique, reg. and predictable, much is dynamic/complex
3. all of it, unique, reg, and dynamic can be studies
4. researchers follow certain agreed upon norms
5. possible to dist. between more and less plausible claims and good/poor research
6. science can't answer all question
factors related to educational issues - ANSWER psychological. social
psychological, and sociological
psychological factor - ANSWER characteristics of individual and individual level
phenom. (ex. learning disability)
social psychological factor - ANSWER how individuals interact to one another and
groups and individuals affect each other (ex. middle school cliques)
sociological factor - ANSWER how groups form and change (ex. high school gov't
relations
norms of good researcher - ANSWER 1. Selection of educational and social
problems in need of attention
2. Collection of empirical data
3. Open discussion of findings, integrity, honesty, competence, systematic inquiry,
empathic neutrality
4. Respect toward research participants
5. A healthy skepticism toward results and explanations
6. A sense of curiosity and openness to discovery
7. The active search for negative evidence (e.g., instances that do not fit your
emerging or current explanation of a phenomenon)
8. The careful examination of alternative explanations for the findings
9. An adherence to the principle of evidence.
two main scientific methods - ANSWER exploratory and confirmatory
exploratory scientific method - ANSWER theory generation approach, "bottom-up",
inductive. 3 major steps.
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