WGU pathophysiology D236 Exam
Questions with Correct Answers
2024/2025
What is Starling's Law of Capillary forces?
How does this explain why a nutritionally deficient child would have
edema? - ANS ✔Starling's Law describes how fluids move across the
capillary membrane. There are two major opposing forces that act to balance
each other, hydrostatic pressure (pushing water out of the capillaries) and
osmotic pressure (including oncotic pressure, which pushes fluid into the
capillaries).
Both electrolytes and proteins (oncotic pressure) in the blood affect
osmotic pressure, high electrolyte and protein concentrations in the
blood would cause water to leave the cells and interstitial space and
enter the blood stream to dilute the high concentrations.
On, the other hand, low electrolyte and protein concentrations (as seen
in a nutritionally deficient child) would cause water to leave the
WGU pathophysiology D236 Exam Questions with Correct Answers 2024/2025
,capillaries and enter the cells and interstitial fluid which can lead to
edema.
How does the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System) result in
increased blood volume and increased blood pressure? - ANS ✔A drop in
blood pressure is sensed by the kidneys by low perfusion, which in turn
begins to secrete renin.
Renin then triggers the liver to produce angiotensinogen, which is
converted to Angiotensin I in the lungs and then angiotensin II by the
enzyme
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II stimulates
peripheral arterial vasoconstriction which raises BP.
Angiotensin II is also stimulating the adrenal gland to release
aldosterone, which acts to increase sodium and water reabsorption
increasing blood volume, while also increased potassium secretion in
urine.
WGU pathophysiology D236 Exam Questions with Correct Answers 2024/2025
,How can hyperkalemia lead to cardiac arrest? - ANS ✔Normal levels of
potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2 mEq/dL. Hyperkalemia refers to
potassium levels higher that 5.2 mEq/dL.
A major function of potassium is to conduct nerve impulses in muscles.
Too low and muscle weakness occurs and too much can cause muscle
spasms.
This is especially dangerous in the heart muscle and an irregular
heartbeat can cause a heart attack
The body uses the Protein Buffering System, Phosphate Buffering
System, and Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate System to regulate and maintain
homeostatic pH, what is the consequence of a pH imbalance - ANS
✔Proteins contain many acidic and basic group that can be affected by pH
changes. Any increase or decrease in blood pH can alter the structure of the
protein (denature), thereby affecting its function as well
Describe the laboratory findings associated with metabolic acidosis,
metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis. (i.e.
relative pH and CO2 levels). - ANS ✔Normal ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases)
Blood pH: 7.35-7.45 PCO2: 35-45 mm Hg PO2: 90-100 mm Hg HCO3-: 22-26
mEq/L SaO2: 95-100%
WGU pathophysiology D236 Exam Questions with Correct Answers 2024/2025
, Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are marked by changes in PCO2.
Higher = acidosis and lower = alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis are caused by something other than
abnormal CO2 levels. This could include toxicity, diabetes, renal failure
or excessive GI losses.
Here are the rules to follow to determine if is respiratory or metabolic in
nature. -If pH and PCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is the
pCO2 levels that are causing the imbalance and it is respiratory in
nature.
-If PCO2 is normal or is moving in the same direction as the pH, then the
imbalance is metabolic in nature.
The anion gap is the difference between measured cations (Na+ and K+)
and measured anions (Cl- and HCO3-), this calculation can be useful in
determining the cause of metabolic acidosis.
WGU pathophysiology D236 Exam Questions with Correct Answers 2024/2025
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