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1.1. The nature of an endophenotype is biologically defined on which of
the following?
A. Neuropsychological
B. Cognitive
C. Neurophysiological
D. Biochemical
E. All of the above
E
(The nature of an endophenotype is biologically defined on the basis of
neuropsychological, cognitive, neurophysiological, neuroanatomical,
biochemical, and brain data. Endophenotype is an internal phenotype,
which is a set of objective characteristics of an individual that are not
visible to the unaided eye. A given phenotype would not be limited to a
patient with a particular diagnosis; for instance, schizophrenia might
,also be found in patients with other diagnoses, such as depression or
bipolar disorder.)
1.2. Which of the following morphological regions is a part of the
neuron?
A. Cell body
B. Dendrites
C. Axon
D. Axon terminals
E. All of the above
E
(The human brain contains approximately 100 billion nerve cells or
neurons. In general, neurons are composed of four morphologically
identified regions: (1) the cell body or soma, which contains the nucleus
and can be considered the metabolic center of the neuron; (2) the
dendrites, which are processes that arise from the cell body, branch
extensively, and serve as the major recipient zones of input from other
neurons; (3) the axon, which is a single process that arises from a
specialized portion of the cell body (the axon hillock) and conveys
information to other neurons; and (4) the axon terminals, which are
fine branches near the end of the axon and that form contacts
(synapses) generally with the dendrites or the cell bodies of other
neurons, release neurotransmitters, and provide a mechanism for
interneuronal communication. Most neurons in the human brain are
,considered to be multipolar in that they give rise to a single axon and
several dendritic processes.)
1.3. A reduced density of interneurons in layer 2 of the prefrontal cortex
has been observed among patients with:
A. Bipolar disorder
B. Major depression
C. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
D. Schizophrenia
E. Panic disorder
D
(Research has shown that in a significant number of patients with
schizophrenia, the prefrontal cortex exhibits a reduced density of
interneurons in layer 2. Additionally, these patients show an
upregulation of GABAA receptor binding, a potential functional
compensation, as well as a relative deficiency of nitric oxide synthase
(NOS)-expressing neurons. These observations have led to the
hypothesis that schizophrenia is due to reduced GABAergic activity. The
origin of GABA interneurons from the ganglionic eminences and their
association with specific patterning genes raises new genetic models of
disease causation and possible strategies for disease intervention.)
, 1.4. The cell bodies of the serotonergic neurons are located in what
region of the brain?
A. Midline raphe nuclei of the brainstem
B. Midbrain substania nigra and ventral tegmental area
C. Locus ceruleus and the lateral tegmental noradrenergic nuclei
D. The tuberomamillary nucleus of the posterior hypothalamus
E. The basal forebrain complex and the mesopontine complex
A
(The cell bodies of the serotonergic neurons are located in the midline
raphe nuclei of the brainstem. The dopamine neurons are located in the
midbrain substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental areas as well as in
the periaqueductal gray, hypothalamus, olfactory bulb, retina, and
kidney. The norepinephrine and epinephrine producing neurons are
found in the pons and medulla in two major clusters: the locus ceruleus
and the lateral tegmental noradrenergic nuclei. These neurons are also
found in the adrenal medulla. Histaminergic cell bodies are located
within the region of the posterior hypothalamus termed the
tuberomammillary nucleus.)
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