Exam (elaborations)
PN2003 MIDTERM FINAL EXAM
- Course
- Institution
PN2003 MIDTERM FINAL EXAM ...
[Show more]
Content preview
PN2003 MIDTERM FINAL EXAM 2024-2025As we age what happens to our height? Why?
decreased height approx. 2 inches by 80 years old
- due to reduced hydration
- loss of cartilage
- thinning of the vertebra
- long bone curve
What happens to our weight as we age? Why?
-Weight is reduced because
- muscle mass is reduced
- fat tissue is decreased
(total body fat of body composition is increased)
- bone mass decreases
- intracellular fluid decreases = less body fluid
- because of less fat the elderly are colder
what is pneumonia
inflammation of the lungs
How is pneumonia present?
- fever
- rapid pulse >100
- shortness of breath
- chest pain upon inhaling
,- femmy cough 😷 with yellow/green sputum
As we age what happens to to the respiratory system structure?
- elastic recoil decreases
- chest wall compliance decreases (the ability of the lung tissue to "absorb" the
same applied force, which generally results from a change in intrathoracic pressure)
- alveoli function decreases
- anteroposterior diameter (barrel chest)increases (rib cage cannot expand and
compress)
As we age what happens to the respiratory system control?
- response to hypoxemia (low o2) decreases
- response to hypercapnia (build-up of CO2) decreases
As we age what happens to the respiratory system defense mechanisms?
- decreased cell-mediated immunity
- decreased specific antibodies
- decreased cilia function
- decreased cough force
- decreased alveolar macrophage function (They ingest small inhaled particles)
As we age what happens to the cardiovascular system?
- decreased heart rate
- increased arrhythmias (irregular/fast/slow heartbeat)
- ischemic tissue (reduction in blood supply)
- hypertrophy (heart muscle becomes thickened, making chambers smaller)
- blood vessels and arteries in the head, neck, and extremities are more prominent
(due to fat loss and thinner skin)
,- heart size does not change with age
- valves become thick and rigid
- CO decreases
What is arteriosclerosis?
hardening of the arteries
What is atherosclerosis?
The build-up of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls.
As we age what happens to the musculoskeletal system?
- enlarged joints (kyphosis)
- muscle fibers atrophy (wasting/thinning of muscle)
- muscle decreases
- muscle mass, strength, movements decrease (sarcopenia)
- possible muscle tremmors
- reflexes are lessened
- bone mineral/mass is decreased (demineralization)
What causes demineralization of bones?
prolonged inactivity
what amount of older adults suffer from arthritis? What is arthritis?
50%
- inflammation of a joint
As we age what happens to the endocrine system?
- decreased regulatory and feedback mechanisms
- decreased binding affinities and receptors
, - decreased thyroid gland output of thyroxine
- decreased rate of insulin release from the pancreas
- decreased receptor sensitivity to glucose
- decreased ability to metabolize insulin = high blood suger
- decreased ACTH (stress is more difficult)
-
As we age what happens to the integumentary system?
- skin tags
- purpura (purple bruised looking skin)
- actinic keratosis (from sun exposure)
- seborrheic keratosis (non-cancerous)
- senile pruritus (dry scaly skin)
- skin repairs slower
What is very common in the elderly who are immobile related to the integumentary
system?
pressure injuries
As we age what decreases in the GI system?
- decreased HCL production
- decreased taste buds
- decreased intestinal motility
- decreased swallowing coordination
- decreased vit b12 (k) absorption from food
As we age what changes in the GI system in regards to the large intestine?
- slowed transit
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Mirror. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $11.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
76799 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now