Advanced
Pathophysiology
Practice
Questions
/
End
/
GI
/
Liver
What
is
the
mode
of
transmission
for
the
hepatitis
D
virus?
1.
Blood
transfusion
2.
Oral-fecal
route
3.
Sexual
contact
4.
Both
A
and
C
-
ANS
ANS:
4.
Both
1
and
3
1.
Blood
transfusion
3.
Sexual
contact
Page:
713
1.
The
hepatitis
D
virus
is
particularly
concentrated
in
the
blood
of
an
infected
person.
Therefore,
it
is
transmitted
through
contact
with
infected
blood
or
blood
products.
2.
The
hepatitis
A
and
E
viruses
are
transmitted
by
the
oral-fecal
route,
usually
via
contaminated
food
or
water.
3.
The
hepatitis
D
virus
is
found
in
the
body
fluids
of
an
infected
person.
Therefore,
it
can
be
transmitted
through
sexual
contact.
4.
Hepatitis
D
is
concentrated
both
in
the
blood
and
body
fluids
of
the
infected
person.
Therefore,
transmission
can
occur
via
blood/blood
product
transfusion
and
sexual
contact.
Which
disorder
is
caused
by
an
increase
in
the
hormones
that
are
secreted
from
the
adrenal
gland?
1.
Addison's
disease
2.
Hypothyroidism
3.
Diabetes
mellitus
4.
Cushing's
syndrome
-
ANS
ANS:
4.
Cushing's
syndrome
Page:
529
1.
Addison's
disease
is
a
disorder
caused
by
hypofunction
of
the
adrenal
gland.
2.
Hypothyroidism
is
a
disorder
caused
by
decreased
levels
of
the
thyroid
hormone.
3.
Diabetes
mellitus
is
a
metabolic
disorder
caused
by
decreased
or
impaired
function
of
the
pancreas.
4.
Cushing's
syndrome
is
a
disorder
caused
by
increased
levels
of
the
cortisol
hormone,
which
is
secreted
from
the
adrenal
gland. A
client
tells
the
nurse,
"I've
been
feeling
excessively
thirsty
for
the
last
2
days."
On
examination,
the
nurse
finds
the
client
has
poor
skin
turgor,
low
blood
pressure,
and
dry
skin.
A
computed
tomography
scan
of
the
client's
head
shows
a
pituitary
tumor.
Which
treatment
does
the
nurse
expect
to
be
prescribed
by
the
primary
health-care
provider?
1.
Bromocriptine
2.
Growth
hormone
3.
Arginine
vasopressin
4.
Adrenocorticotropic
hormone
-
ANS
ANS:
3.
Arginine
vasopressin
Page:
548
1.
Bromocriptine
is
used
to
reduce
the
secretion
of
pituitary
hormones,
when
prolactinemia
is
present.
2.
Growth
hormone
replacement
is
beneficial
in
the
clients
with
hypopituitarism.
3.
Arginine
vasopressin
is
also
known
as
antidiuretic
hormone
(ADH).
Administration
of
ADH
helps
to
relieve
signs
of
dehydration
such
as
poor
skin
turgor,
low
BP,
and
dry
skin.
4.
Adrenocorticotropic
hormone
is
used
as
a
supplement
when
growth
hormones
and
tropic
hormones
are
deficient.
A
client
who
underwent
laryngotomy
presented
with
depression,
increased
sensitivity
to
cold,
and
constipation.
On
assessment,
the
nurse
finds
a
puffy
face
and
periorbital
edema.
The
blood
report
shows
a
high
TSH
level.
What
does
the
nurse
interpret
from
the
findings?
1.
The
client
has
hypothyroidism.
2.
The
client
has
hyperthyroidism.
3.
The
client
has
hypoparathyroidism.
4.
The
client
has
hyperparathyroidism.
-
ANS
ANS:
1.
The
client
has
hypothyroidism.
Page:
549
1.
Hypothyroidism
is
characterized
by
weight
gain,
increased
sensitivity
to
cold,
constipation,
puffy
face,
and
periorbital
edema.
The
blood
report
shows
a
high
TSH
level,
which
further
confirms
the
diagnosis
of
hypothyroidism.
2.
Hyperthyroidism
is
characterized
by
weight
loss,
sensitivity
to
heat,
palpitations,
and
an
enlarged
thyroid.
3.
Hypoparathyroidism
is
characterized
by
muscle
spasms,
tetany,
and
seizures.
4.
Hyperparathyroidism
is
characterized
by
bone
pain,
muscle
weakness,
and
hypercalcemia.
Which
condition
exhibits
"moon
facies"
as
a
characteristic
symptom?
1.
Myxedema
2.
Graves's
disease
3.
Cushing's
syndrome 4.
Adrenal
insufficiency
-
ANS
ANS:
3.
Cushing's
syndrome
Page:
537
1.
Myxedema
is
characterized
by
a
puffy
face
and
periorbital
edema.
2.
Grave's
disease
is
characterized
by
an
enlarged
thyroid
or
nodule.
3.
Moon
facies
are
a
characteristic
feature
of
Cushing's
syndrome.
4.
Adrenal
insufficiency
is
characterized
by
orthostatic
hypotension
and
a
tanned
appearance.
Which
diagnostic
test
is
useful
for
detecting
hyperactivity
of
the
thyroid
gland
during
an
evaluation
of
a
thyroid
disorder?
1.
Sestamibi
scan
2.
Ultrasound
3.
Radioactive
iodine
scan
4.
CT
scan
of
the
anterior
neck
-
ANS
ANS:
3.
Radioactive
iodine
scan
Page:
550
1.
A
Sestamibi
scan
shows
masses
or
cysts
of
parathyroid
gland.
2.
Ultrasound
is
useful
in
detecting
masses
or
cysts
and
gland
enlargement.
3.
Hyperactivity
of
the
thyroid
gland
is
seen
in
hyperthyroidism.
A
radioactive
iodine
scan
shows
the
hyperactive
gland.
4.
A
CT
scan
of
the
anterior
neck
shows
the
presence
of
pituitary
mass.
The
nurse
is
caring
for
a
client
with
seizures,
severely
elevated
blood
pressure,
and
impaired
mentation.
The
primary
health-care
provider
suspects
the
client's
condition
is
an
endocrine
disorder.
A
24-hour
urinalysis
report
shows
an
excess
amount
of
catecholamine
metabolites.
What
might
be
the
diagnosis
of
the
client?
1.
The
client
has
a
pineal
tumor.
2.
The
client
has
pheochromocytoma.
3.
The
client
has
Cushing's
syndrome.
4.
The
client
has
multiple
endocrine
neoplasia.
-
ANS
ANS:
2.
The
client
has
pheochromocytoma.
Page:
546
1.
A
Pineal
tumor
is
characterized
by
seizures,
headache,
memory
disturbances,
nausea,
and
vomiting.
The
condition
is
confirmed
by
a
computed
tomography
or
magnetic
resonance
imaging
scan
that
shows
a
tumor.
2.
Pheochromocytoma
is
characterized
by
hypertensive
crises
such
as
severely
elevated
BP,
seizures,
and
altered
mental
status
due
to
excess
secretion
of
catecholamines.
A
24-hour
urine analysis
is
the
most
common
method
used
for
diagnosing
the
condition.
Presence
of
catecholamines
indicates
pheochromocytoma.
3.
Cushing's
syndrome
is
a
disorder
caused
by
excessive
secretion
of
cortisol.
This
is
characterized
by
weight
gain,
moon
facies,
antithyroid
buffalo
hump,
and
hirsutism.
Various
diagnostic
tests
are
required
for
confirmation.
4.
Multiple
endocrine
neoplasia
has
various
clinical
features
due
to
involvement
of
multiple
endocrine
glands.
This
condition
is
diagnosed
by
using
various
blood
tests
that
detect
the
level
of
growth
hormones.
Which
endocrine
disorder
involves
treatment
using
antithyroid
hormone
medication
such
as
propylthiouracil
(PTU)?
1.
Grave's
disease
2.
Plummer
disease
3.
Cushing's
disease
4.
Addison's
disease
-
ANS
ANS:
1.
Grave's
disease
Page:
541
1.
Grave's
disease
is
the
most
common
cause
of
hyperthyroidism,
which
is
commonly
treated
with
propylthiouracil
(PTU).
This
medication
helps
to
suppress
the
function
of
the
thyroid
gland.
2.
Plummer
disease,
also
called
toxic
multinodular
goiter,
requires
surgery
as
a
method
of
treatment
because
of
the
extensive
spread
of
nodules.
3.
Cushing's
disease
is
most
commonly
treated
with
ADH
antagonists,
furosemide,
and
by
providing
symptomatic
treatment.
4.
Addison's
disease
is
caused
by
adrenal
insufficiency,
which
is
most
commonly
treated
with
replacement
of
ACTH
or
cortisol,
depending
on
the
cause.
Which
congenital
condition
occurs
due
to
thyroid
hormone
deficiency
during
embryonic
development
and
early
neonatal
life?
1.
Cretinism
2.
Pheochromocytoma
3.
Sheehan's
syndrome
4.
Fetal
alcohol
syndrome
-
ANS
ANS:
1.
Cretinism
Page:
538
1.
Cretinism
is
a
congenital
condition
caused
by
hypothyroidism
during
embryonic
development
and
early
neonatal
life.
2.
Pheochromocytoma
is
a
rare
tumor
of
the
adrenal
medulla;
the
cause
is
unknown.
3.
Sheehan's
syndrome
is
an
endocrine
disorder
that
occurs
after
childbirth
due
to
severe
hemorrhage.
