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COMSAE 107 – Questions With Complete Answers
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COMSAE 107 – Questions With Complete Answers
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COMSAE 107 – Questions With Complete Answers Balantidium coli:Has two stages, what are they?
Trophozoite form of Balandtidum coli is recognizable how?
How is Balandtidium coli different than other protozoa?
Route of transmission?
Symptoms (2) Correct Ans - Trophozoites and cysts In trophozoites, the two nuclei are visible. The macronucleus is long and sausage-shaped, and the spherical micronucleus is nested next to it, often hidden by the macronucleus. Balantidium is the only ciliated protozoan known to infect humans. Balantidiasis is a zoonotic disease and is acquired by humans via the feco-oral route from the normal host, the pig, where it is asymptomatic. Contaminated water is the most common mechanism of transmission. In acute disease, explosive diarrhea may occur as often as every twenty minutes. Perforation of the colon may also occur in acute infections which can lead to life-threatening situations
ADP receptor inhibitors
Ticlopidine
prasugrel,
ticagrelor
clopidogrell Correct Ans - inhibit platelet aggregation by irreversibly blocking ADP receptors. Inhibit fibrinogen binding by preventing glycoprotein IIb/IIIa from What appears to be the cause of Reye syndrome?
Does ibuprofen cause Reye's syndrome?binding to fibrinogen. Used clinically for acute coronary syndrome; coronary stending. decreases incidence or reccurence of thrombotic stroke. toxicity includes: for ticlopidine neutropenia, fever and mouth ulcers.
Glucocorticoids:
Examples
MOA?
used for what Treatment?
toxicity includes? (3) Correct Ans - Hydroxycortison, prednisone, triamcinolone, dexamethasone, beclomethasone. - decreases the production of leukotrines and prostaglandins by inhibiting phospholipase A2 and expression of COX - 2. Used clinically in addisons disease, inflammation, immune suppression, asthma. toxicity includes iatrogenic cushings syndrome - buffalo hump, moon facies, truncal obesity, muscle wasting, thin skin, easy bruisability, osteoporosis, adrenocortical atrophy, peptic ulcers, diabetes (if chronic).
adrenal insufficiency when drug stopped abruptly after chronic use.
Biguanides - Metformin
Used for?
Adverse Effects (3) Correct Ans - inhibits glycerol-3-phosphate-
dehydrogenase -> inhibits gluconeogensis and glucagon action
increases insulin sensitivity in T2DM. Can cause GI upset but its most serious side effect is 1.) lactic acidosis (thus contraindicated in renal failure), 2.) vitamin b12 defiency Glitazones/thiazolidinediones (give two examples)
MOA
Treatment:
Toxicitiy (4) Correct Ans - (pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone)
activate PRAR-y
these drugs can be used as monotherapy in type 2 DM or combines with other agents. their toxicities include:
weight gain, edema
hepatotoxicity and heart failure.
Amylin Analogs (example - 1) MOA?
Side effects? (3) Correct Ans - Pralaminitide decreases glucagon release, and decrease gastric emptying
side effects include hypoglycemia, nausea, and increase satiety
GLP - 1 analongs (2 examples)
MOA?
Side effects (2) Correct Ans - (Exenetide, Liraglutide) - tides Increase glucose-induced insulin secretion, decrease gastric emptying
Pancreatitis and increase satiety DDP-4 inhibitors (examples)
MOA
Side Effects (2) Correct Ans - Linagliptin
Saxagliptin
Sitagliptin (gliptons) Inhibit breakdown of GLP-1 -> glucose induced insulin secretion
Side effects include mild urinary or respiratory infections.
alpha - glucosidase inhibitors (examples 2) MOA (3)
Side Effect Correct Ans - Acordbose and Miglitol)
inhibit intestinal brush border alpha glucosidases. delayed sugar hydrolysis and glucose absorption leading to a decrease in post prandial hyperglycemia. Used as monotherapy in type 2 DM or combined with other agents. Can cause GI disturbances.
Sulfanylureas: 1st gen - tolbutamide and chlorpropramide. 2nd generation - Glyberide, Glimepiride, Glipizide
MOA
Used to Treat?
Side Effect of First generation?
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