HK 3401 Exam Questions with Answers What structures make up the Thoracic Cage? - Answer -- Vertebral column (Thoracic region) - Intervertebral discs - Ribs - Costal cartilages - Sternum (inc. Manubrium, Xiphoid process) -External Intercostal muscles - Internal Intercostal muscles - Innermost Intercostal muscles - Subcostal muscles -Transverse Thoracis What are the boundaries of the Superior Thoracic Aperture? - Answer -- Post: 1st Thoracic Vertebrae - Ant: Manubrium - Med/Lat: 1st rib pair What are the boundaries of the Inferior Thoracic Aperture? - Answer -- Post: T12 vertebrae - Ant: Costalmargin and Xiphoid process (Xiphosternal joint) - Med/Lat: 11th and 12th rib pairs What are the subdivisions of the thoracic cavity? - Answer -- Pulmonary cavities (Right & Left) - Mediastinum What are the divisions of the mediastinum? - Answer -- Superior - Inferior (further divided into Anterior, Middle, and Posterior) The divide between Superior and Inferior can be made at the sternal angle, at the level of the great vessels of the heart. What lies in the anterior inferior mediastinum? - Answer -- Sternum - Internal Thoracic artery (branch off Subclavian, R/L) - Pericardiacophrenic arteries - Anterior Intercostal arteries - Superior Epigastric arteries - Musculophrenic arteries What lies in the middle inferior mediastinum? - Answer -- Pericardium - the heart - the great vessels of the heart (SVC, IVC, Asc. Aorta, Pulm. Trunk) What are the four chambers of the heart? - Answer -- Right atrium (blood from body) - Right ventricle (blood to lungs) - Left atrium ( blood from lungs) - Left ventricle (blood to body) What are the layers of the pericardium, from superficial to deep? - Answer -- Fibrous - Pericardial Cavity - Parietal Serous - Visceral Serous What are the coronary arteries? - Answer -- Right coronary - Marginal (R) - Sinoatrial nodal (R) - Left coronary - Anterior interventricular (L) - Circumflex (L) - Posterior interventricular (R/L) What are the coronary veins? - Answer -- Anterior cardiac veins - Coronary sinus (L?) What are the valves of the heart? - Answer -- Right AV valve, Bicuspid - Left AV valve, Tricuspid (Mitral) - Pulmonary semilunar valve - Aortic semilunar valve What are the components of an AV valve? - Answer -- Cusps - Tendinous cords - Papillary muscles What are the structures present in the right atrium? - Answer -- SVC & IVC openings - Coronary sinus vein opening - Interatrial septum - Fossa ovalis - Right AV orifice What lies in the superior mediastinum? - Answer -- Brachiocephalic veins and its tributaries - Asc. Aorta and its branches - Trachea
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