6566 Midterm ( A+ GRADED 100% VERIFIED) LATEST 2024
What are the indications for an ABI
Claudication
ischemic ulcers
gangrene
GSW soft signs
how do you determine Mean arterial pressure
diastolic doubled up + systolic divided by 3
example 83/50= 50+50=100+83=183/3= 66 is the map
Map 70-...
6566 Midterm ( A+ GRADED 100%
VERIFIED) LATEST 2024
What are the indications for an ABI
Claudication
ischemic ulcers
gangrene
GSW soft signs
how do you determine Mean arterial pressure
diastolic doubled up + systolic divided by 3
example 83/50= 50+50=100+83=183/3= 66 is the map
Map 70-110
pulsus paradoxus
beats have weaker amplitude with respiratory inspiration, stronger with expiration
how to perform pulsus paradoxus
Recline patient at 30°
Inflate a standard BP cuff until quarter cough sounds over the brachial artery disappear
Lower the pressure in the cuff a few millimeters of mercury per second until the first
quarter cough sound appears during expiration
Very slowly lower cuff pressure until corticost sounds are heard throughout the
respiratory cycle. record this cuff pressure
The difference between pressures recorded in the two previous steps is then recorded
as the measurement
A pulses paradoxus > 12 mm HD is abnormal but non-specific
What is the sympathetic reflex compensation in hemorrhagic shock
Arterial vasoconstriction
Venus capacitance basal constriction
Central nervous system ischemic response
,What is the restoration of blood volumeduring hemorrhagic shock
Renin-Angiotensin-aldosterone axis activation
Antidiuretic hormone secretion
Trans capillary refill
Increase thirstresulting in increased fluid intake
Increased erythropoiesis
ET Tube Medications
Lidocaine
Epinephrine
Atropine
Naloxone
Vasopressin
How to administer medications through an endotracheal tube
Ventilate the patient
Advance the catheter through the ET tube so that the distal end extends 1 cm beyond
the distal end of the tube
What medications can be given intranasally
Pain relief
Sedation/Anxiolysis
Seizure control
Narcotic overdose
What are the indications for rectal administration of medication
When desirable routes are unavailable or impractical
Children frightened of intravenous catheterization
Patients who refuse parenteral Drug Administration
Patients with nausea / vomiting or inability to swallow
Contraindications for rectal administration of medications
Immunosuppression
Severe thrombocytopenia or coagability
Active GI bleed
,Diarrhea
Chronic anal rectal problems-such as fissures, hemorrhoids, or fistula
Complications of rectal administration of medication
Erratic absorption
Delayed prolonged or unusually rapid absorption
Localized trauma
Pain
Common drugs that can be given rectally
Pain-Aspirin,Tylenol.Indomethacin,Diclofenac,Morphine
Sedatives/Sedation-Midazolam,Methohexital,Thiopental
Anti-convulsants -diazepam
Anti-emetics-Phenergan, Compazine
Cation exchange resin -kayexalate
What is hypodermoclysis
Slow infusion of isotonic fluids into the subcutaneous tissues
normal sinus rhythm
heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial node with a rate in patients at rest of 60 to 100
beats per minute
Sinus Arrhythmia
A sinus rhythm in which the rate varies with respiration, causing an irregular rhythm.
Junctional Rhythm
the SA node is nonfunctional, P waves are absent, and heart is paced by the AV node
at 40-60 beats/min
What is the etiology and treatment of a junctional rhythm
Etiology-metabolic or electrolyte disturbances, medications, digitalis toxicity, Lyme
disease, cardiac ischemia, myocarditis, intrinsic conduction dysfunction
Treatment-ECP or cardiologist, AV nodalblocking medication stopped,evaluate
electrolyte abnormalities, atropine, 0.5 mg IV push to a maximum of 3 mg, consider
pacing if patient is severely bradycardic
What are premature atrial contractions?
, They are a common cardiac arrhythmia characterized by premature heartbeats
originating in the atria. While the sinoatrial node typically regulates the heartbeat during
normal sinus rhythm, PACs occur when another region of the atria depolarizes before
the sinoatrial node and thus triggers a premature heartbeat.
What is atrial tachycardia
When there is an abnormal focus in the atrium
The atria depolarise faster than 150/min
P waves can be seen superimposed on the T waves of the preceding beats
Symptoms-asymptomatic, chest pressure, palpitations,with poor perfusion may cause
hypertension
Treatment for atrial tachycardia
- Adenosine
- procainamide
- amiodarone
- BB
-CCB
Vagal
Cardiac ablation
Chad'sscore-stroke risk assessment in atrial fibrillation
1 - heart failure or lvef <40
1-hypertension
2-age>75
1-diabetes
2-stroke/tia
1-vascular disease
1-age 65-74
1-female
NOAC guidelines for atrial fibrillation
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