Other
Flashcards - Russia Themes
- Course
- Institution
AQA A-level history Russia
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
beckywolfsart
Content preview
RUSSIA THEMES 0 GENERALOVERVIEW
a)
1855–81
Russian Leaders b)
End of Crimean war (1856)
Alexander II c)
a) Dates [1]
Emancipation of the serfs
Placed administration of schools under the Zemstvo.
b) Wars [1]
d)
Doubled the no_ of ppl attending schools by 1865.
c) Social reforms [3] The defeat @ Crimea highlighted the problems in the military, leading to the
military being modernised.
d) Military reforms [1] e)
Emancipation of the serfs – partially to prevent uprisings
e) Repression [4]
Approved plans leading to the Circassian genocide.
Replaced the Third Section of the Imperial Chancellery (a form of the secret
f) Economic reforms [1]
police he inherited) w the ‘softer’ Okhrana in 1880.
Despite liberal polices, repression was still used.
f)
The Reutern reforms (1862-78) encouraged foreign investment.
a)
1881-94
Russian Leaders b)
Avoided any wars (“The Peacemaker”)
Alexander III c)
Undid Alexander II’s local gov.
a) Dates [1] Russification
d)
b) Wars [1] Russification meant the army had a major role in peace-keeping &
monitoring national frontiers.
c) Social reforms [2] e)
d) Military reforms [1]
Russification was used to control the ppl.
1881 Statute of state security – enhanced the powers of the
e) Repression [3] Okhrana.
o Used it to spy on, arrest, imprison, &/or exile opposition.
f) Economic reforms [2] f)
Construction of the Trans-Siberian line began in 1891.
1891 – Medele’ev tariff raised gov revenues.
a)
1894-1917
Russian Leaders
b)
Start of WWI
Russo-Japanese War (lost)
Nicholas II
c)
Feb 1917 rev
Education
a) Dates [1]
Stolypin – land reforms
Nicholas II was still committed to an autocracy.
b) Wars [3]
d)
From 1905-17, the army was mainly used to dismantle strikes, protests, & riots.
o But troops had a tendency to desert & join the protesters.
c) Social reforms [3] Nicholas went to the front lines & declared himself the commander during WWI, meaning anything that
went wrong was on him.
e)
d) Military reforms [3]
Put political opponents in prison
Bloody Sunday massacres (1905)
e) Repression [5]
Stolypin used the carrot & stick method.
Censorship was initially relaxed & then strengthened again.
Okhrana had a small role in 1890s as it was relatively stable, but their activity increased as opposition
f) Economic reforms [2] f)
became more organised.
Emergence of kulaks & commercial farming.
1893-1903 – Witte reforms (the ‘Great Spurt’).
, a)
Russian Leaders
b)
Feb-Oct 1917
Provisional Government
WWI
Oct 1917 rev
c)
a) Dates [1] Avoided major reform b/c they expected a new gov to take their place soon-
ish.
b) Wars [2] d)
No major reform of the army occurred since the army listened to the
c) Social reforms [1] Petrograd Soviets rather than the PG.
e)
d) Military reforms [1] Reversed many repressive policies (e.g. censorship gone, local militias
disbanded, political prisoners released).
e) Repression [2] Focused more on wartime security – created the Counter Espionage Bureau.
f)
f) Economic reforms [1] Dec 1917 – state capitalism – central control of economy through the
Supreme Economic Council.
a)
1917-1924
Russian Leaders b)
End of WWI (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk)
Civil war between red & whites (won)
Lenin c)
Redistributed land among the peasants.
a) Dates [1]
d)
War Communism
The size of the Red Army grew to 5 mill during the course of the civil war (vs 500 000 in the
b) Wars [2]
Whites).
War communism
c) Social reforms [2]
e)
There were still problems w desertion & rebellion (e.g. Kronstatdt in Feb 1921).
d) Military reforms [3]
Red Terror (to consolidate the Communist regime).
Banned opposition
Cheka (secret police) set up to work alongside the Red Army to impose policies - disbanded after
e) Repression [5]
the end of the Civil war.
Press freedom was abolished to supress ‘counter-revs’
f) Economic reforms [2]
1921 – the Agitprop was set up to circulate propaganda abt the idealized Russian life.
f)
War Communism was enforced by the Red Army & the Cheka.
The NEP – went against communist ideology.
a)
1922-53
b)
Russian Leaders
WWII (won)
Cold war
c)
Stalin
1930 –primary school made compulsory till 12yo.
1939 – Stalin scrapped school fees.
a) Dates [1]
d)
The Great Purge (1936-8) removed key military figures from the military.
Used the army to impose economic policy.
b) Wars [2] o
o
Red Army was used to requisition grain as part of collectivisation.
Played a large part in implementing the Great Terror.
e)
c) Social reforms [2] NKVD (secret police) set up to deal w opposition.
o Replaced by the NKGB in 1943.
d) Military reforms [4] o
o
Later turn replaced by the MVD & MGB in 1946.
Then merged in 1953 into the MVD.
Purges
e) Repression [9]
Dekulakisation
Propaganda (‘Uncle Joe’)
f) Economic reforms [2]
Further increased censorship, which continued during WWII.
o Much effort was put into doctoring info abt the rest of the world.
f)
Collectivisation & dekulakisation – aimed to improve agriculture.
5yr plan – aimed for economic autarky (self-sufficiency).
a)
1953-64
b)
Russian Leaders
c)
Cold War (tried to deescalate, was initially successful)
Khrushchev
Destalinisation
Housing
a) Dates [1]
Gulags gone
d)
The main role of the army shifted from dealing w internal threats to resolving
b) Wars [1] international conflicts.
o E.g. KGB’s main role was spying on foreign ppl.
c) Social reforms [3]
The détente led to a reduction of the army from 3.6 mill to 2.4 mill.
MVD was reorganised in March 1954 into the MVD & KGB, both put under the direct
d) Military reforms [4] e)
administration of the party.
Repression against countries who wanted independence – e.g. 1956 Hungarian Uprising.
e) Repression [3]
Gulags gone.
Censorship was eased – by late 1950s, 65 000 books were being published /yr.
f) Economic reforms [3] f)
5yr plan – aimed for economic autarky (self-sufficiency).
1954 – Virgin Land Scheme.
Centralised planning of economy
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller beckywolfsart. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $9.35. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
75759 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now