USABO - Genetics
homologous chromosomes - ANS-Chromosomes that have the same sequence of
genes and the same structure
chiasmata - ANS-X-shaped regions where crossing over occurred.
cohesins - ANS-Proteins that hold sister chromatids together
crossing over - ANS-Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of
their chromatids during meiosis.
synaptonemal complex - ANS-A zipper-like protein structure that causes replicated
homologs to become physically connected during prophase of meiosis I; sets the stage
for crossing over.
synapsis - ANS-the fusion of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis.
P generation - ANS-Parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic
cross
F1 generation - ANS-the first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental
cross of two organisms
F2 generation - ANS-Offspring resulting from interbreeding of the hybrid F1 generation.
Law of Segregation - ANS-Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous
chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is
present in each gamete
incomplete dominance - ANS-Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant
over another allele
Codominance - ANS-A condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed
Pleiotropy - ANS-The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects.
epistatis - ANS-gene at one locus on the chromosome alters the phenotypic expression
of a gene at different locus
, polygenic inheritance - ANS-combined effect of two or more genes on a single character
cystic fibrosis - ANS-A genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the
respiratory and digestive systems.
amniocentesis - ANS-needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for
analysis (15 week of pregnancy)
chronic villus sampling - ANS-A technique of prenatal diagnosis in which a small sample
of the fetal portion of the placenta is removed from the cervix and analyzed to detect
certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus. (10th week of pregnancy) way faster
X-Y system of sex determination - ANS-Occurs in mammals(XY represents male, XX
represents female)
X-0 system of sex determination - ANS-Grasshoppers, females have two sex
chromosomes, females have two
Z-W system - ANS-The sex chromosome inheritance system in species in which the
male is homogametic (ZZ) and the female is heterogametic (ZW). (birds, fishes, insects)
haplo diploid system - ANS-A sex determination system in most species of bees and
ants in which there are no sex chromosomes. Females develop from fertilized eggs
(diploid) and males develop from unfertilized eggs (haploid).
X inactivation - ANS-one of two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated and remains
coiled as a Barr body
recombinants (recombinant types) - ANS-offspring with non parental phenotypes
recombinant frequency - ANS-the proportion of offspring of a genetic cross that have
phenotypes different from the parental phenotypes due to crossing over between linked
genes during gamete formation
linked genes - ANS-Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited
together in genetic crosses.
Sturtevant - ANS-This person developed a way to use crossover data to map gene loci.
He hypothesized that the farther apart two genes are on a chromosome, the more
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