Cell Biology (USABO)
Photosynthesis - Light reactions - ANS--Light energizes electrons which are then added
to NADP+ to create NADPH
-NADPH then brings the electron through an ETC in the thylakoid membrane - each
step diminishes the energy of the electron and ATP is created
Photosynthesis - Dark reactions - ANS--Occurs in the stroma
-Atmospheric CO2, ATP, and protons from NADPH molecules from the ETC in the light
reaction combine to form glucose (CH2O)
-Called the Calvin Cycle
Stages of cell growth - ANS-1. G1 - Gap phase 1
2. S - DNA Synthesis
3. G2 - Gap phase 2
4. M - Mitosis
-Cdk + MPF (protein) controls the phase changes
-p53 and p27 block cell growth if DNA is bad
Phases of mitosis - ANS-1. Interphase : Normal cell activity
2. Prophase: Chromatin condenses, centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell
3. Pro/metaphase: Nuclear membrane dissolves and chromosomes are aligned in the
center of the cell by spindle fibers
4. Anaphase: Chromosomes separate and move to opposite sides of the cell
5: Telophase: Chromosomes are on opposite ends and new membranes form
6. Cytokinesis: The protein actin pinches the cell off at the middle, creating two identical
new cells
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