Exph 386 Exam 4
The five important functions of the cardiovascular system - CORRECT
ANSWER-- Delivers oxygen to active tissues
- Returns deoxygenated blood to the lungs
- Transports heat, a by-product of cellular metabolism, from the body's core to the
skin
- Delivers fuel and nutrients to active tissues
- Transports hormones, the body's chemical messengers
What kind of pump is the heart - CORRECT ANSWER-a dual pump
What are the two blood circuits and what are their connections? - CORRECT
ANSWER-pulmonary circulation - between the heart and lungs
systemic circulation - between the heard and other body systems
What are the differences between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle? -
CORRECT ANSWER-Cardiac muscle is involuntary, has a single nucleus, and is
branched. Skeletal muscle is voluntary, multinucleated, and is non-branched.
Systemic circulation is the portion of the CV which carries ________ blood away
from the heart, to the ________, and returns ________ blood back to the heart -
CORRECT ANSWER-oxygenated; body; deoxygenated
Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the CV which carries _______ blood away
from the heart, to the _______, and returns _____ blood back to the heart -
CORRECT ANSWER-deoxygenated; lungs; oxygenated
What is the heart's only function? - CORRECT ANSWER-to pump blood
What is venous return aided by? - CORRECT ANSWER-venous contraction (via
skeletal muscles) and venous valves
what is heart size proportional to? - CORRECT ANSWER-body size
,Describe blood flow's direction and path through the heart - CORRECT
ANSWER-blood flows through the heart in one direction-from veins, to atria, to
ventricles, to arteries
what do heart valves ensure? - CORRECT ANSWER-that blood flows in the right
direction through the heart
How are valves postioned? - CORRECT ANSWER-Valves are positioned so that
they open and close passively because of pressure differences
what leads to atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER-bed rest, ventricular assist device,
cancer, and weightlessness
what leads to physiologic hypertrophy? - CORRECT ANSWER-exercise and
pregnancy
what leads to pathologic hypertrophy? - CORRECT ANSWER-hypertension, MI,
nuerohumeral activation
what can pathologic hypertrophy lead to? - CORRECT ANSWER-1. ventricular
arrhythmia
2. persistent stress->heart failure->ventricular arrhythmia
Passive filling of the ventricles is governed by ________ gradients - CORRECT
ANSWER-pressure
Active filling - atrial contraction _________ - CORRECT ANSWER-requires ATP
How much of the venous return enters the ventricles before the atria undergo
contraction? - CORRECT ANSWER-70%
what is venous return? - CORRECT ANSWER-blood returning to the heart
For a brief period of time (0.02 to 0.06 sec), when all heart valves remain shut,
ventricular pressure rises but volume and fiber length remain unchanged -
CORRECT ANSWER-isovolumetric contraction
,For a brief period of time (0.02 to 0.06 sec), when all heart valves remain shut,
ventricular pressure drops but volume and fiber length remain unchanged -
CORRECT ANSWER-isovolumetric relaxation
what is the largest artery in the body - CORRECT ANSWER-aorta
what is the largest vein in the body - CORRECT ANSWER-vena cava
- thick-walled, high pressure tubing that conducts oxygenated blood
- have smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells - CORRECT ANSWER-arteries
- smaller branched arteries, circular layers of connective tissue
- constrict or relax changing the resistance to blood flow (BP control) -
CORRECT ANSWER-arterioles
what are also known as resistance vessels? - CORRECT ANSWER-arterioles
- single layer of endothelial cells line capillary wall
- no smooth muscle
- diameter reduced to only allow 1 blood cell at a time
- when dormant, they open during exercise
- local metabolites - CORRECT ANSWER-capillaries
do capillaries have increased or decreased pressure - CORRECT
ANSWER-increased
how long does it take a blood cell to pass through a capillary - CORRECT
ANSWER-1.5 seconds
- small veins that collect deoxygenated blood from capillaries - CORRECT
ANSWER-venules
- thin-walled, lower pressure
- also have smooth muscles cells and endothelial cells - CORRECT
ANSWER-veins
, which one has more smooth muscle cells? veins or arteries - CORRECT
ANSWER-arteries
- act as a blood reservoir and can be called upon during exercise - CORRECT
ANSWER-capacitance vessels
how much blood do capacitance vessels hold - CORRECT ANSWER-64% of
blood volume
which structure separates the left from the right ventricle? - CORRECT
ANSWER-septum
hollow chambers on the right side of the heart perform which of the following
functions? - CORRECT ANSWER-pump blood into the lungs
what don't have a serosa layer - CORRECT ANSWER-veins
what has valves within the intima - CORRECT ANSWER-veins
describe the structural make-up of a vessel from outside layer to inside -
CORRECT ANSWER-serosa -> externa -> media -> elastin -> intima
give the percentages of distribution of blood at rest for the:
heart ____
arteries_____
arterioles, capillaries_____
veins____
pulmonary system_____ - CORRECT ANSWER-heart = 7%
arteries = 13%
arterioles, capillaries = 7%
veins = 64%
pulmonary system = 9%
what do valves within veins allow? - CORRECT ANSWER-blood to flow in only
one direction toward the heart (one-way valves)
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