microbiology chapter 4 functional anatomy of proka
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Microbiology Chapter 4 Functional
Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Cells
Compare and contrast the overall cell structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. -
ANS-Prokaryotes:
do not have complex membrane-bound organelles
one circular chromosome not enclosed with a membrane
DNA not associated with histones
Cell walls made mostly of peptidoglycan
Divide by binary fission
Eukaryotes:
Do have complex membrane-bound organelles including a nucleus, mitochondria,
chloroplast
23 pairs of chromosomes enclosed within a membrane
DNA wrapped with histones
Cell walls are chemically simple
Divide by mitosis
Identify the three basic shapes of bacteria - ANS-coccus(spherical)
bacillus(rod)
spiral
How would you be able to identify streptococci through a microscope? - ANS-finding
cells that have divided and remain attached in a chain-like pattern on the smear
describe plasma membrane - ANS-separate in the internal and external sides of the cell
and allow things to move in and out
describe nucleus - ANS-DNA is stored here
describe ribosomes - ANS-where protein synthesis takes place
describe golgi apparatus - ANS-sorts and transports proteins
describe mitochondria - ANS-ATP production
, describe Rough ER - ANS-studded with ribosomes for protein synthesis
describe smooth ER - ANS-no ribosomes, synthesized, phospholipids, fats and
hormones
describe lysosomes - ANS-formed in the golgi apparatus and contain digestive enzymes
describe vacuoles - ANS-brings food into the cell and provides storage for proteins,
sugars and acids
describe centrosomes - ANS-form the mitotic spindles, crucial for cell division
describe peroxisomes - ANS-oxidizes fatty acids and destroys H2O2
describe chloroplast - ANS-converts sunlight into energy and food(photosynthesis)
describe the structure and function of the glycocalyx - ANS-a sticky, gelatinous sugar
substance that is secreted to the outside of the cell. Called a capsule if organized and a
slime layer if unorganized Protects cells from phagocytosis and aids in attachment
why are bacterial capsules medically important - ANS-contribute to virility of bacteria
and prevent phagocytosis
Differentiate flagella, axial filaments,fimbriae and pili - ANS-Flagella-consists of a
filament, hook and basal body that is anchored to the cell wall and plasma membrane,
propel bacteria by rotating the basal body
Axial filaments- spiral around the cell and rotate to produce movement in a corkscrew
motion
Fimbriae-can be few or many and are straighter than flagella, have a tendency to
adhere to solid surfaces and epithelial surfaces causing diseases
Pili-longer than fimbriae and number only one or two per cell, involved in bacterial DNA
exchange to help bacteria thrive, uses a twitching or gliding motility
How do bacteria move? - ANS-with runs(on direction for a time) and tumbles(abrupt,
random changes of motion) movement toward or away from a stimulus is a taxis
What is peptidoglycan made up of? - ANS-alternating NAG and NAM which are
disaccharide units. These are attached by polypeptides which are tetrapeptide side
chains
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