UCLA Anthropology Exam | QUESTIONS with 100% Solutions Already Passed
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Course
UCLA Anthropology
Institution
UCLA Anthropology
What are the most important cultural consequences of food production in terms of changes in
economic life? Link these changes in subsistence directly to changes in social and political
organization. - Ans The development of sedentary farming villages began with the Neolithic in
various places in...
UCLA Anthropology Exam | QUESTIONS with 100% Solutions Already Passed What are the most important cultural consequences of food production in terms of changes in economic life? Link these changes in subsistence directly to changes in social and political organization. - Ans The developm ent of sedentary farming villages began with the Neolithic in various places in the Old World. With the growing cultural complexity there was a development of stratified social systems. This system controlled the excess wealth that was made with the produc tion of agricultural surplus. Sedentism stemmed from the domestication of plants and animals and allowed for the accumulation of material culture. This culture has allowed archaeologists to make inferences on social diversity and social differences. In reg ions such as the Fertile Crescent, the potential for high agricultural yield was linked to the development of increasingly complex societies. Based on this the first cities and states of the Old World were found in Mesopotamia, like Eridu. What is meant by the term "complex society"? Provide a definition, describe characteristics of a complex society(using examples from this course) and talk about the earliest evidence archaeologists have found for complex societies in the Old World. - Ans A complex soci ety is a social formation that is found in formative or developed states. Characteristics: - urbanized centers between 7,000 -20,000 people - specialized divisions of labor - ruling class of religious, civil and military leaders - food surplus - monumental arch itecture - writing system - developments of arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy - art and long distance trade - institutionalized form of political organization Evidence: - people involved in non -agriculture activities - observable differences in houses and mate rial goods (seen in Teotihuacan) - trade expansion with increased social complexity EX: Egypt, Mesopotamia, and SEA Discuss the three elements that archaeologists generally associate with the development of ancient civilizations: Large food surpluses, diversified farming economies, ad irrigation agriculture. How do these elements fit into models for the origins of ancient states? What are some archaeological examples of these elements? - Ans Large Food Surplus - Agricultural Surplus and Craft specializat ion - farming allowed surpluses to be generated, which made it possibly for some individuals to be freed from working on the land. This resulted in a lot of full -time specialists, leading to an increase of specialists and increasing divisions of wealth and expertise. EX: Ancient Egyptian priest, soldiers, scribes and metalworkers would not have been able to have their specialized skills without being freed from the obligation to work the land Diversified Farming Economies - linked to the Trade Imperative - diversified farming economies developed in fertile areas that helped produce food items for trade. They needed administration to organize the trade of produced trade items EX: Mesopotamia produced a lot of wheat, barley, cows and sheep. It also used a lo t of mud -
brick and clay, but there was very little hard stone present for usage except for in the surrounding upland at a considerable distance. Irrigation Agriculture - Hydraulic Hypothesis - bureaucracies were developed due to an increase in intensive a griculture and the need to develop systems of waterways EX: China's control of irrigation led to the rise of oriental despotism. The Kennewick Man Case study is an example of how different stakeholders in the past fail to collaborate, leading to a loss of knowledge and increased feelings of resentment toward one another. How could the study of Kennewick Man have benefited from the collaboration between
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