HMX Genetics- ALL
Nucleotide - Answer- deoxyribose, a 5C sugar with a hydroxyl group on the 3' carbon and a phosphate group on the 5' carbon, and a nitrogen base attached to the 1' carbon
Amino acid - Answer- coded 5' to 3' (N terminus to C terminus)
Central dogma - Answer- describes the f...
HMX Genetics- ALL
Nucleotide - Answer- deoxyribose, a 5C sugar with a hydroxyl group on the 3' carbon
and a phosphate group on the 5' carbon, and a nitrogen base attached to the 1'
carbon
Amino acid - Answer- coded 5' to 3' (N terminus to C terminus)
Central dogma - Answer- describes the flow of information from DNA (genotype) to
RNA (portable) to protein (phenotype) via transcription and translation
Codon - Answer- A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or
RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid
DNA - Answer- is usually right-handed with 10 bp/turn
Exons - Answer- RNA chunks that contain the actual coding genes
Introns - Answer- filler portions of RNA that are removed from transcript
Frameshift variant - Answer- a nucleotide exchange that changes all of the amino
acids after it (usually an insertion, deletion, or duplication)
Genotype - Answer- An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.
Missense variant - Answer- an exchange of nucleotides that leads to a change in a
single amino acid within a chain
Nonsense variant - Answer- a nucleotide exchange that leads to stopping translation
early by encoding a stop codon
Nucleic acid - Answer- a complex organic substance present in living cells,
especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a
long chain.
Phenotype - Answer- the physical manifestation of genes; shows through protein
structure and function
Protein - Answer- A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.
RNA - Answer- more portable than DNA; has uracil and ribose sugars
Silent variant - Answer- an exchange of nucleotides that results in identical amino
acid chains to the original template
SNP - Answer- a common variant affecting one nucleotide (must be present in more
than 1% of the population)
, Transcription - Answer- synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
Translation - Answer- decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
Transcription factor - Answer- A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects
transcription of specific genes.
How are genes typically written? - Answer- in the 5' to 3' direction
Nucleosome - Answer- DNA helix wound around histone proteins; makes up
chromatin
Alignment - Answer- the position of data within a cell; how DNA is organized for
genome sequencing
Cas9 Protein - Answer- nuclease used in CRISPR to cut certain sequences of DNA
(guide RNA finds the sequence first)
CRISPR - Answer- Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats; the
leading approach to genomic editing
Epigenomics - Answer- study of epigenetic component of a cell (ex: DNA
methylation)
Genome editing - Answer- an experimental method of detecting and correcting
defective genes in an individual (ex: CRISPR)
Genomics - Answer- study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions
Genomic library - Answer- complete collection of cloned DNA fragments from an
organism
Genotyping - Answer- the process of determining differences in the genetic make-up
(genotype) of an individual by examining the individual's DNA sequence using
biological assays and comparing it to another individual's sequence or a reference
sequence.
Guide RNA - Answer- RNA molecule that serves as a template for an alteration
made in mRNA during RNA editing or CRISPR
Massively parallel sequencing - Answer- Sequencing of all DNA from site at one time
Metabolomics - Answer- study of metabolic expression in cells
Microbiomics - Answer- Study of the human microbiome (in the gut)
Pharmacogenetics - Answer- the study of how one gene interacts with drug
treatment optimization
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