Irene Gold Boards Part 1: Pathology Exam (2024 /2025 ) | Actual Questions and Answers Latest Updated 2024 /2025 (Graded A+) Types of degeneration... Answer ✔✔ Calcification, metastatic Answer ✔✔Calcium infiltration into normal tissue. E.g. hypervitaminosis D., hyperparathyroidism Calcification, dy strophic Answer ✔✔Calcium infiltration into abnormal/damaged tissue E.g. atherosclerosis or atheroma. Damage to tunica intima Caseous (cheese like) Answer ✔✔Combination of ischemic cell death & cell lysis. Tuberculosis, giant epithelial cell Cloudy swell ing Answer ✔✔Albuminous. Membrane injured which effects ionic transfer. AKA hydropic change *cloudy swelling is reversible Coagulation Answer ✔✔Infarction (MI), blood vessels *zymogen Enzymatic Answer ✔✔pancreas Fatty Answer ✔✔Liver, aka "nutmeg liver" heart, aka "tabby cat heart" fatty dot > fatty streak > atheroma (fatty plaque) > fibroatheroma (fibrous tissue, calcium) Liquefaction Answer ✔✔CNS E.g. brain melts, tertiary syphilis, leprosy Skin (if from infection) tabes dorsalis Wallerian Answer ✔✔Peripheral nerves. Degenerates to the next node of ranvier. "dying back phenomenon" Zenker's (waxy) Answer ✔✔Hyaline. Most common in skeletal muscle. Muscle replaced with hyaline Degeneration of nucleus... Answer ✔✔cell must die Karyo = nucleus Karyolysis Answer ✔✔nuclear fading/rupture (DNA breakdown: irreversible) Karyorrhexis Answer ✔✔Nuclear swelling (chromattin fragmentation) Pyknosis Answer ✔✔Nuclear condensation AKA karyopyknosis Developmental changes... Answer ✔✔ Agenesis Answer ✔✔absence of an organ (usually pair organ) Aplasia Answer ✔✔Small remnants of the organ present (lack of development) Hypoplasia Answer ✔✔organ smaller than normal and defective Disturbances of growth... Answer ✔✔ Atrophy Answer ✔✔Decre ase in size (disuse atrophy). seen mostly in muscle Hypertrophy Answer ✔✔Increase in size (E.g. muscle exercise) Hyperplasia Answer ✔✔Increase in number of cells (e.g. pregnant uterus, goiter, callous) Metaplasia Answer ✔✔Changes from one cell type to a nother. E.g. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (PCCE) changing into stratified squamous in lungs of smokers. GERD > Barretts Dysplasia Answer ✔✔Change in size, shape or function of a cell. Precancerous, but last stage that can reverse to norma l Anaplasia Answer ✔✔Complete disorganization of a cell (cancer) E.g. squamous cell carcinoma Collagen types... Answer ✔✔ Type 1 collagen Answer ✔✔Bone, muscle, tendons & ligaments, annulus fibrosis Type 2 collagen Answer ✔✔Disc (specifically nucleus p ulposis), notochord Type 3 collagen Answer ✔✔'Reticular collagen'. found in spleen & lymph nodes. Also seen in early wound healing Type 4 collagen Answer ✔✔Basement membrane Pneumococnosis: Answer ✔✔Inhalation & deposition of dust particles in the lung START PAGE 3: PNEUMOCONIOSIS: Inhalation & deposition of dust particles in the lung Silicosis Answer ✔✔Silica from sand, rock, or glass. Sandblasters at risk. "rocky quarry disease" Asbestosis Answer ✔✔asbestos leads to mesothelioma. malignant tumor Siderosis Answer ✔✔Iron dust Byssinosis Answer ✔✔Cotton dust. "brown lung" Anthracosis Answer ✔✔Black lung disease from miners. "Caplan's syndrome" = anthracosis + RA Histomycosis/Histoplasmosis Answer ✔✔Endemic fungus around mississippi or ohio valleys. " Ohio valley fever" AKA "mississippi valley fever" *bird/bat droppings Coccidiomycosis Answer ✔✔Endemic fungus in deserts of southwest. Aka "san joaquin valley fever". Called 'valley fever' in other states Blastomycosis Answer ✔✔Endemic fungus on eastern seaboard: From flordia to nova scotia Cryptococcus Answer ✔✔Bird droppings (in soil) Lung diseases Answer ✔✔ Asthma Answer ✔✔Sputum analysis yields "Curschmann's spirals" or "Charcot leyden crystals" *Type 1 HS Cystic fibrosis Answer ✔✔Affects chloride channels. "sweat test". mother notices 1st ...tastes salt. Salty baby syndrome. Affects GI and respiratory mucus linings and exocrine secretions. Susceptible to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Lung transplants frequently r equired. *Found in caucasians, warm moist areas Hemosiderosis Answer ✔✔Iron in lungs due to bleeding
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