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UNMC Patho 2 - Exam 1
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UNMC Patho 2 - Exam 1
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UNMC Patho 2 - Exam 1what does Neoplasm mean? - ANS-"new growth" tumor
cancer cells exhibit "autonomy" - ANS-independence from normal cellular controls
Cancer cells exhibit independence from normal cellular control, what is the term for
this? - ANS-Autonomy
Cancer cells exhibit "anaplasia", what does this mean? - ANS-loss of differentiation or
specialization
What are NOT called "cancer" - and named by the tissue of orgin + "oma"... -
ANS-Benign tumor
ex benign tumor of fat cells = LIPOMA
Which cells are undifferentiated or poorly differentiated? - ANS-Malignant cells
What is the name for the normal process of developing specialized functions and
organization? - ANS-Cell differentiation
Which type of genetic CA event occurs in germ cells and is passed on through the
allele? - ANS-Inherited
What are the primary basis for carcinogenesis? - ANS-Genetic events
What type of genetic event occurs in somatic cells (as cells divide over a person's
lifetime) and usually requires a number of mutations over time? - ANS-Non-inherited
What is the biggest risk factor for CA and why? - ANS-Age, multiple mutations are
required to develop CA, so as we age we get more CA
Which is a mutant gene that promotes cancer cell growth? - ANS-Onocogene
Which gene normally regulates (slows down) cell proliferation (growth)? - ANS-Tumor
suppressor gene
Which gene promotes normal cellular growth, but once it s mutated into an oncogene it
then promotes CA cell growth? - ANS-Proto-oncogene
, What is the most common way to create an oncogene and is described as small DNA
changes usually alteration of one or a few base pairs - remember adenine-thymine and
cytosine-guanine? - ANS-Point mutations
What type of mutation occurs when there is a break in 2 chromosome and genetic
material is exchanged...(2 things happen)
1. the translocation of the genetic material causes excess production of factors that lead
to cell proliferation
2. the translocation leads to production of new proteins that have growth promoting
properties - ANS-Chromosome Translocation
What type of mutation occurs when repeated duplication of a small piece of a
chromosome happens, and this usually leads to increased expression of an oncogene?
- ANS-Chromosome amplification
Viral and bacterial causes of cancer - ANS-cause-effect is difficult to determine in
humans
many associations have been established
viral: HBV -Hep B, HCV-Hep C, Herpes - lymphomes, HPV gential warts and cervical
cancer, Bacteria - H. pylori
Cigarette smoke, insecticides, asbestos are examples of? - ANS-Environmental
Chemical cancer agents
ultraviolet light, radiation are examples of - ANS-Environmental Physical cancer agents
HBV, HCV, Herpes, HPV are examples of? - ANS-Environmental Viral cancer agents
Which tumor closely resembles tissue of origin and thus retains some specialized
functions? - ANS-Grade I: Well differentiated
Tobacco use, diet (increased fat, low fiber), Sexual reproductive (# of sex partners),
Alcohol (liver cancer), Hormones (oral contraceptive, hormone replacement) are
examples of? - ANS-Personal behaviors that cause cancer
Which tumor has less resemblance to tissue of origin; more variation in size and shape
of tumor cells; increased mitoses? - ANS-Grade II: Moderately differentiated
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