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UNMC Patho Exam 2 (1)
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UNMC Patho Exam 2 (1)
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UNMC Patho Exam 2Function of the immune system - ANS-1) to protect the body from invasion by foreign
antigens - foreign substances that trigger the immune response
2) to identify and destroy potentially harmful cells
3) to remove cellular debris
What accomplishes the functions of the immune system? - ANS-lymphoid organs &
specifically designed lymphocytes through the process of antibody-mediated immune
response & cell-mediated immune response.
General types of immune alterations
- immune system acts inappropriately - ANS-1) Exaggerated
2) Misdirected against host's own cells
3) Directed against beneficial foreign tissues
4) Deficiency / insufficient
What immune alterations are due to hypersensitivity reactions? - ANS-1) Exaggerated
2) Misdirected against host's own cells
3) Directed against beneficial foreign tissues
Exaggerated - ANS-overreaction against environmental antigens
Allergic reaction = small
Anaphylactic reaction = same as allergic reaction, but bigger
Misdirected against host's own cells - ANS-autoimmunity = sees own cells as being
foreign & destroys them.
Directed against beneficial foreign tissues - ANS-isoimmunity = body's immune reponse
against beneficial foreign tissue - i.e. organ transplants
Hypersensitivity - ANS-A pathologic immune response
An exaggerated AND inappropriate immune response
1) Exaggerated
2) Autoimmunity
3) Isoimmunity
Autoimmunity - ANS-Breakdown of that "code of recognition"
Body's immune system begins to recognize self as foreign
,Autoimmunity
Etiology - ANS-Related To:
Genetics
Exposure to antigens - thought to alter membranes and the expression of self-DNA, and
induce this autoimmunity
Isoimmunity - ANS-Body's immune system reacts against tissues of usually other
members of the same species
i.e. organ transplant
Types of Hypersensitivity - ANS-1) Type I - Allergy/Anaphylaxis
2) Type II - Tissue-specific reaction
3) Type III - Immune-complex mediated reactions
4) Type IV - Cell-mediated reactions
Hypersensitivity Type I - ANS-Allergy / Anaphylaxis
IgE-mediated allergic reactions
Hypersensitivity Type II - ANS-Tissue specific reaction
Blood Transfusion reaction
Hypersensitivity Type III - ANS-Immune-complex mediated reactions
Antigen-Antibody complexes form & deposit in tissues
i.e. Lupus
Hypersensitivity Type IV - ANS-Cell-mediated reactions
Involve T cells, macrophages
i.e. Rheumatoid Arthritis
Allergy / Anaphylaxis - ANS-A rapid, immediate hypersensitivity reactions upon
re-exposure to an antigen
*** No reaction with initial exposure
Allergy / Anaphylaxis
Pathophysiology - ANS-Primary Exposure:
1) B cells comes in contact with Allergen
2) IgE produced
3) IgE sits on receptor of Mast Cell
Secondary Exposure - when exposed to allergen again:
, 1) Mast cell degranulation
2) Release of histamine & leukotrienes
Allergy / Anaphylaxis
Manifestations - ANS-Related to Release of histamine & leukotrienes:
Localized: local inflammation
Systemic - related to where histamine receptors are located:
* Bronchial constriction & laryngeal edema
* Skin - itching/pruritis & redness/erythema
* GI - abdominal cramping, vomiting, diarrhea
* Mucus membranes - increased secretions - nasal, eyes water
* Vasculature - increased vascular permeability & vasodilation ***Anaphylactic Shock =
Life threatening, dropped BP, not perfusing
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - SLE
aka Lupus - ANS-chronic, autoimmune, multi-system inflammatory disease
Lupus
Incidence - ANS-One of the most common
Increased frequency in females
Onset age 20-40
Genetic predisposition
What level(s) of hypersensitivity is Lupus? - ANS-Level III - mostly
Antigen-Antibody complexes form & deposit in vessel walls
Body sees self as foreign
5 components of Lupus
* happen at same time - ANS-1) B cells produce IgG -> attack what thinks is DNA
2) T helper cells further stimulate B cell production of IgG
3) Macrophages recruited to further attack what is considered foreign DNA
4) IgG attacks RBC because thinks those are foreign too (in addition to DNA)
5) T-suppressor cells are NOT effective to slow down immune response appropriately
Lupus
Manifestations
Signs & Symptoms - ANS-Exacerbations & Remissions
Related to the 5 components:
1) Arthritis of peripheral joints - most common
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