Exam (elaborations)
UNMC_ Pathophysiology II Exam II.
- Course
- Institution
UNMC_ Pathophysiology II Exam II.
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
modockochieng06
Content preview
UNMC: Pathophysiology II Exam II4 Types of Immune Alterations - ANS-Exaggerated, misdirected against host's own
cells, Directed against beneficial foreign tissues, and Deficiency
Hypersensitivity - ANS-- Autoimmunity is when the body starts to think of its own
antigens as foreign.
- Isoimmunity is when the body reacts against tissues of other members of the same
species.
4 Types of Hypersensitivity - ANS-- Type I: IgE mediated allergic reactions / allergies
- Type II: tissue-specific / blood transfusion reactions
- Type III: immune complex mediated reactions / antigen antibody form and deposit
tissues
- Type IV: cell mediated reactions / involve T cells and macrophages
Allergy/Anaphylaxis - ANS-- Rapid immune response with re-exposure to an antigen.
Systemic - ANS-1. Bronchial construction/edema (life threatening)
2. Skin/itching (pruritis)/erythema
3. GI - abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhea
4. Mucous membranes - increased secretions
5. Vasculature - increased vascular permeability + vasodilation (life threatening)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) - ANS-chronic, autoimmune, multi-system
inflammatory disease.
- Most activity is Type III hypersensitivity, some Type IV
- Antigen antibody complexes form and deposit in vessel walls
- Step 1: B cell activates the IgG, which targets and attacks the DNA on the vessel walls
- Step 2: The T helper cells add to the stimulation of the B cells
- Step 3: Macrophages also attack the DNA on the vessel walls
- Step 4: The IgG attack red blood cells along with the DNA
- Step 5: The T suppressor cells are not very good at slowing down this process
- Clinical Manifestations: arthritis of peripheral joints, vasculitis/photosensitivity, renal
disease, anemia, and CV disease - pericarditis
Rheumatoid Arthritis - ANS-autoimmune, inflammatory joint disease / destruction of
synovial membrane
- Type III and Type IV hypersensitivity
, - Normal antibodies become autoantibodies (IgM + IgG) and attack antigens on cell
membrane
- Clinical Manifestations:
o Early: synovitis and systemic manifestations of inflammation (minor)
o Then, start to get stiffness and tenderness of the joints
o Late: pain, deformity, loss of function, rheumatoid nodules, ulnar drift
Immune Deficiencies - ANS-deficient, impaired function to immune response /
congenital and acquired
- Congenital (Primary): genetic - immune cells improperly developed
- Acquired (Secondary): associated physiologic conditions - PG, infancy, elderly, chronic
illness, malnutrition / Iatrogenic deficiencies / trauma / stress
HIV/AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome):
- viral disease (a retrovirus) - HIV-1 carries its genetic coding in RNA / infects and
depletes a portion of immune suppressor cells (cells with CD-4 receptors) and helper T
cells and then starts to attack macrophages and cytotoxic T cells.
Step 1: Glycoprotein (gp120) binds to CD-4 T cell.
Step 2: Chemokee aids in binding of gp120.
Step 3: Viral RNA is converted into DNA (with help - Reverse Transcriptase, Integrase,
and Protease enzymes)
Step 4: DNA is inserted and integrates into helper T cell DNA and takes over the cell
Spreads to other cells in three ways - ANS-1. Remain latent (no spread)
2. New HIV particles bud out
3. Lysis of cell with release of particles
Four Possible Conditions - ANS-1. Serologically negative: but can have virus without
antibodies produced or detected yet.
2. Serologically positive: but asymptomatic detachable antibodies, but no real symptoms
3. Early stages of HIV disease: symptoms but not AIDS
4. AIDS: serious clinical symptoms or malignancies and often less than 200 T helper
cells.
Clinical Manifestations - ANS-1. Serologically negative: high risk groups, ability to
unknowingly transmit virus, and most are asymptomatic
2. Serologically positive: 20% can remember experiencing flu or mono like illnesses
3. Early stages of HIV disease: chronic lymphadenopathy, night sweats, recurrent
fevers, flu-like, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, and diarrhea
4. AIDS: opportunistic infections and malignancies
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller modockochieng06. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $7.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
75323 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now