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The World of the Counselor An Introduction to the Counseling Profession, 4th Edition
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,The World FOURTH EDITIONof the Counselor
An Introduction to the Counseling Profession
Ed Neukrug
Old Dominion University
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, The World of the Counselor: An Introduction to © 2012, 2007 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
the Counseling Profession, Fourth Edition
Ed Neukrug
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15 14 13 12 11
, To my mom,
my first counselor
,About the Author
Born and raised in New York City, Dr. Ed Neukrug obtained his B.A. in psychology in
from SUNY Binghamton, his M.S. in counseling from Miami University of Ohio, and his
doctorate in counselor education from the University of Cincinnati.
After teaching and directing a graduate program in counseling at Notre Dame Col-
lege in New Hampshire, he accepted a position at Old Dominion University, in Norfolk,
Virginia where he currently is a Professor of Counseling and former Chair of the Depart-
ment of Educational Leadership and Counseling. In addition to teaching, Dr. Neukrug
has worked as a counselor at a crisis center, an outpatient therapist at a mental health
center, an associate school psychologist, a school counselor, and as a private practice psy-
chologist and licensed professional counselor.
Dr. Neukrug has held a variety of positions in local, regional, and national pro-
fessional associations in counseling and human services. In addition, he has published
numerous articles and has received a number of grants and contracts with school systems
and professional associations.
Books he has written include: (1) Counseling Theory and Practice, (2) The World of
the Counselor (4th ed.), (3) Experiencing the World of the Counselor: A Workbook for Coun-
selor Educators and Students (4th ed.), (4) Theory, Practice and Trends in Human Services:
An Introduction to An Emerging Profession (4th ed.), (5) Skills and Techniques for Human
Service Professionals, (6) Skills and Tools for Today’s Counselors and Psychotherapists, and
(7) Essentials of Testing and Assessment for Counselors, Social Workers, and Psychologists
(2nd ed.) Look for his upcoming new book tentatively called, Professional Orientation to
the Counseling Profession.
Dr. Neukrug is currently collecting oral and video stories of the great therapists of
the world. If you would like to hear these stories and compare your view of human nature
to these theorists, go to: www.odu.edu/sgt.
Dr. Neukrug is married to Kristina Williams-Neukrug, who is an elementary school
counselor. They have two children, Hannah and Emma.
iv
,Brief Contents
SECTION I
SECTION III
The Helping Relationship II: The
Professional Orientation 1
Counselor Working in Systems 187
CHAPTER 1
The Counselor’s Identity: What, Who, CHAPTER 6
and How? 2 Couples and Family Counseling 188
CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 7
The Counseling Profession’s Past, Present, Group Work 225
and Future 32
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 3 Consultation and Supervision 257
Standards in the Profession: Ethics, Accreditation,
Credentialing, and Multicultural/Social Justice
Competencies 65
SECTION IV
The Development of the Person 289
SECTION II CHAPTER 9
The Helping Relationship I: Development Across the Lifespan 290
Theories and Skills 97
CHAPTER 10
Abnormal Development, Diagnosis,
CHAPTER 4 and Psychopharmacology 322
Individual Approaches to Counseling 98
CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 11
Career Development: The Counselor
Counseling Skills 149
and the World of Work 359
v
,vi BRIEF CONTENTS
SECTION V CHAPTER 17*
Clinical Mental Health Counseling 579
Research, Program Evaluation,
and Assessment 393 CHAPTER 18*
Student Affairs and College Counseling 611
CHAPTER 12
Testing and Assessment 394 AFTERWORD
A Look Toward Your Future:
CHAPTER 13 Applying for Graduate Programs
Research and Evaluation 429 and Finding a Job 640
SECTION VI APPENDIX A
Multicultural Counseling Competencies 647
Social and Cultural Foundations
in Counseling 467 APPENDIX B
Advocacy Competencies 651
CHAPTER 14
Theory and Concepts of Multicultural APPENDIX C
Counseling 468 Assessment of Your Theoretical and Conceptual
Orientations 655
CHAPTER 15
Knowledge and Skills of Multicultural AUTHOR INDEX 665
Counseling 500
SUBJECT INDEX 674
SECTION VII
Select Speciality Areas
in Counseling 541
CHAPTER 16*
School Counseling 542
* Chapters 16, 17, and 18 are co-written by Tim Grothuas, Kathleen Levingston, and Hannah Bayne, respectively.
,Contents
Preface xvii Compatibility with and Belief in a Theory 23
Competence 24
Cognitive Complexity 24
SECTION I Multicultural/Social Justice Focus: Inclusion of
Professional Orientation 1 Multiculturalism in the Profession 25
Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues 25
CHAPTER 1 Knowing Who We Are and Our Relationship to Other
Professional Groups 25
The Counselor’s Identity: What, Impaired Mental Health Professionals 26
Who, and How? 2 The Counselor in Process: Personal Therapy and
Guidance, Counseling, and Psychotherapy: Related Growth Experiences 26
Variations on the Same Theme? 3 Summary 27
Comparison of Mental Health Professionals 4 References 28
Counselors 5
Social Workers 8
Psychologists 8 CHAPTER 2
Psychiatrists 10 The Counseling Profession’s Past,
Psychoanalysts 10 Present, and Future 32
Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurses 10
Understanding the Human Condition: From Early
Expressive Therapists 11
Human Service Practitioners 11 Antiquity to the Present 33
Psychotherapists 11 A Brief History of Related Helping Professions: Social
Professional Associations in the Social Services 12 Work, Psychology, Psychiatry 34
The American Counseling Association 12 The Social Work Profession 35
The American Art Therapy Association (AATA) 15 The Psychology Profession 37
The American Association for Marriage and Family The Psychiatry Profession 39
Therapy (AAMFT) 15 The Counseling Profession: Its History and Trends 41
The American Psychiatric Association (APA) 15 Precursors to the Counseling Profession: The 1800s 41
The American Psychiatric Nurses Association Social Reform Movements of the 1800s 41
(APNA) 16 Vocational Guidance in the 1800s 41
The American Psychological Association (APA) 16 The Beginnings of the Testing Movement: Turn of the
The National Association of Social Workers 20th Century 42
(NASW) 16 Psychoanalysis and the Development of Psychotherapy:
The National Organization for Human Services Turn of the 20th Century 42
(NOHS) 16 Early Vocational Guidance and the First Guidance
Characteristics of the Effective Helper 17 Counselors: Early 1900s 42
Empathy 18 The Expansion of the Testing Movement: 1900–1950 44
Acceptance 19 The Spread of Psychotherapy and Its Impact on the
Genuineness 19 Counseling Profession: 1900–1950 46
Embracing a Wellness Perspective 20 Emergence, Expansion, and Diversification: The
Cultural Competence 20 1950s 47
The “It” Factor 22 Increased Diversification: The 1960s 48
vii
, viii CONTENTS
Continued Proliferation of the Counseling Field: Multicultural Counseling Competencies 88
The 1970s 49 Advocacy Competencies 88
Recent Changes in the Field: 1980–2000 51 Multicultural/Social Justice Focus: Are the
The New Millennium: 2000 and On 52
Competencies Research-Based? 90
Do We Have to Memorize All Those Names? Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues: A Plethora of
A Developmental Perspective 55 Standards? 91
Multicultural/Social Justice Focus: Learning from the The Counselor in Process: A Lifelong Commitment
Past, Moving toward the Future 55 to Professionalism 91
Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues: Changing over Summary 91
Time 58
References 93
The Counselor in Process: Looking Back, Looking
Ahead, and Embracing Paradigm Shifts 58
Summary 59 SECTION II
References 60
The Helping Relationship I:
Theories and Skills 97
CHAPTER 3
Standards in the Profession: Ethics,
Accreditation, Credentialing, and
CHAPTER 4
Individual Approaches to Counseling 98
Multicultural/Social Justice Competencies 65
Why Have a Theory of Counseling? 99
Ethics 66
Defining Values, Ethics, Morality, and Their Relationship Four Conceptual Orientations to Counseling and
to the Law 66 Associated Theories 101
The Development of and Need for Ethical Codes 67 Psychodynamic Approaches 101
Codes of Ethics in the Helping Professions 69 Existential–Humanistic Approaches 108
Ethical “Hot Spots” for Counselors 72 Cognitive–Behavioral Approaches 115
Resolving Ethical Dilemmas: Models of Ethical Post-Modern Approaches 126
Decision-Making 72 Extensions, Adaptations, and Spinoffs of the Major
Reporting Ethical Violations 76 Theories 133
Legal Issues Related to Ethical Violations 77 Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory 134
Accreditation 80 Object–Relations Theory 134
The History and Development of Professional Preparation Relational and Subjectivity Therapy 134
Standards 80 Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) 135
The Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) 135
Related Educational Programs (CACREP): A Short Constructivist Therapy 135
History 80 Eye Movement Desensitization Therapy (EMDR) 135
Other Accrediting Bodies 82 Motivational Interviewing 136
Gender-Aware Therapy 136
Credentialing 83 Positive Psychology and Well-Being Therapy 136
Registration 83
Complementary, Alternative, and Integrative
Certification 83
Approaches 137
Licensure 84
Credentialing in Related Helping Professions 84 Integrative Counseling and Psychotherapy
Credentialing for Counselors 86 (Eclecticism) 137
Multicultural/Social Justice Standards: Multicultural Multicultural/Social Justice Focus: Bias in Counseling
Counseling Competencies and Advocacy Approaches 139
Competencies 88 Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues 140
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