Bio 253 final exam | Actual questions and answers 2024 LATEST VERSION
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Course
BIO 253
Institution
BIO 253
Organelles are -
Organs of the Urinary system - kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
draw and label a kidney with the following terms: Cortex, Medulla, Pelvis, renal artery,
renal vein, ureter, nephron -
functional unit of the kidney - nephron
1 million per kidney!
What parts make up th...
Bio 253 final exam | Actual questions
and answers | Updated 2024 | RATED A+
Organelles are -
Organs of the Urinary system - kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
draw and label a kidney with the following terms: Cortex, Medulla, Pelvis, renal artery,
renal vein, ureter, nephron -
functional unit of the kidney - nephron
1 million per kidney!
What parts make up the nephron? - Renal corpuscle
Renal tubule
Glomerulus (capillaries that filter the blood plasma)
Bowman's capsule (surrounds the glomerulus)
Efferent arteriole
loop of henle
What is the glomerulus made of? - capillaries
Function of a nephron - filter blood and produce urine
Two nephron types - juxtamedullary and cortical
juxtamedullary nephrons - -Long nephron loops deeply invade medulla
-Ascending limbs have thick and thin segments
-Important in production of concentrated urine
-found at the boundary of the cortex and medulla
cortical nephrons - -85% of all nephrons
-short nephron loops
-efferent arterioles branch into peritubular capillaries around PCT and DCT
How is urine made in the kidney? - 1.)Reabsorption - moving substances with tubule
into the blood.
2.)filtration - occurs in the glomerulus or renal corpuscle
3.)secretion
4.)filtration
driving force for filtration - hydrostatic pressure or BP
What fluid comes out of the glomerulus? - filtrate
What is filtrate? - mostly water, electrolytes, nutrients, and waste products. Glucose is
normal in filtrate.
-similar to blood plasma
Reabsorption in the Nephron Loop - Only water is absorbed in the descending limb.
Na+ chloride is absorbed in the ascending limb (no water).
Status of water coming out of nephron loop? - @ Lowest concentration (diluted)
Process taking place in nephron loop? - Countercurrent mechanism (dilutes the urine).
Can also create concentrated urine from the Na+ absorbed in the ascending limb.
tubular secretion - -selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate in renal tubules
and collecting ducts
-From blood to tubular
-Usually in the distal tubule
, -K+, H+, Uric acid, Penicillin are secreted
Hormones that regulate kidney function - directly :
ADH
Aldosterone
ANH
indirectly :
Renin (created by kidney)
Angiotensin
Aldosterone function - -decreases sodium and water loss in urine by returning sodium
and water to the blood
Aldosterone: Target Cells - kidneys
ANH function - Tells kidneys that blood volume is too high, so dumps out H20 and Na+
Effects of ADH - increases reabsorption of water from urine back into plasma and
therefore, decreases the volume of water that is excreted
-secreted by posterior pituitary gland
-when a person is dehydrated, hypothalamus makes them thirsty and retains more
water because of the ADH
flow of urine through kidney - Glomerulus
Bowmans Capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
Papillary duct
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
Needed to form a blood clot - Ca+, K+, fibrinogen, platlets
Hepatic drains blood from - small intestine, spleen, pancreas, stomach
supplies the liver with blood form the aorta
Parts of the nephron in order - Bowmans Capsule -> Proximal Tubule -> Loop of Henle
-> Distal Tubule -> Collecting duct
function of upper respiratory tract - filters, warms, and humidifies air
function of lower respiratory tract - Transports air to lungs for gas exchange
Upper respiratory structures - nasal naries, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
Lower respiratory structures - trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs, bronchiole
tree
Proximal tubule function - tubular reabsorption, it reabsorbs from the filtrate the "good
stuff" and puts it back into the blood
Glomerulus function - produces ultra filtrate which then passes through tubules.
Capsules block passage of red blood cells and large molecules like protein
distal convoluted tubule function - secretion
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