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IBHRE CEPS 2018 EXAM – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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IBHRE CEPS 2018 EXAM – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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IBHRE CEPS 2018 EXAM – QUESTIONSAND ANSWERS
Class 1 Anti-Arrhythmic Mechanism - -Sodium (Na) Channel Blockers
-Class II Anti-Arrhythmic Mechanism - -Beta Blockers
-Class III Anti-Arrhythmic Mechanism - -Potassium (K) Channel Blockers
-Class IV Anti-Arrhythmic Mechanism - -L-Type Calcium (Ca) Channel
Blocker
-Class Ia drugs - --Quinidine (rarely used)
-Procainamide
-Disopyramide.
Na Channel blockers that raise APD
-Class Ib drugs - --Lidocaine
-Mexiletine
-Phenytoin
Na Channel blockers that slightly lower APD
-Class Ic drugs - --Propafenone
-Flecainide
Na Channel blockers that don't change APD
-Class II Drugs - --Propranolol
-Atenolol
-Esmolol
-Metoprolol
Beta-Blockers. (β-blockers)
-Class III Drugs - --Amiodarone
-Dronedarone
-Sotalol
-Ibutilide
-Bretylium
Prolong APD (K Channel Blocker)
, -Class IV Drugs - --Verapamil
-Diltiazem
L-Type Ca Channel Blockers
-Phase 0 AP - --Depolarization
-Rapid Na+ Channels are stimulated to open, flooding the cell with positive
sodium ions.
-Depolarizatoin of one cell triggers the Na+ channels in surrounding cells to
open causing wave of propogation.
-Phase 1 AP - --Initial Stage of Repolarization
-Inactivation of the fast Na+ Channels
-Phase 2 AP - --Plateau Phase
-Sustained by a balance between inward movement of Ca2+ through L-type
calcium channels (opened in response to depolarization) and outward
movement of K+ through the slow K+ channel.
-Reduced potassium ion permeability
-Phase 3 AP - --Rapid Repolarization Phase
-Ca2+ channels close
-Slow K+ remains open
-Ionic pumps restore ion concentrations back to balanced states of pre-AP
-Phase 4 AP - --Resting Membrane Potential
-Alpha Adrenergic Receptor site effect - -Vasoconstriction
-Beta-1 Adrenergic Receptor site effect - -Cardiac Stimulation
We have 1 heart, 2 lungs.
-Beta-2 Adrenergic Receptor site effect - -Lung Broncho-dilation
We have 1 heart, 2 lungs.
-Cholinergic receptor effect - -Cardiac Depression
-Sympathetic Nervous System - -
-Unit for Frequency - -Hertz Hz - Cycles / S
-Unit for Force (Exertion) - -Newton N - Kg * M/s^2
-Unit for Energy - -Joule J - Kg * M^2/S^2
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