Essay
Essay plans on Italian unification
- Course
- Institution
Essay plans on Italian unification Including; challenges to the restored order
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
saggyeye
Content preview
How far do you agree that the failures of the revolutions 1830 and 1848-49 was primarily due tolack of popular support
POPULAR SUPPORT
• Revolutionary opposition groups, forced by repressive policies to organise in secret, failed to
establish enough popular support before the outbreaks to sustain the revolutionary momentum
• Middle-class revolutionary leaders failed to harness the potential of the ‘ordinary’ people; the
fear of popular radicalism and revolution ‘from below’ undermined the 1830–31 revolutions
• The labouring classes, particularly the peasantry, often failed to support the revolutions due to
suspicion of the liberal middle-classes and in some cases welcomed back traditional rulers,
e.g. the Papal States
• Mazzini - Although Italian nationalism championed unity it failed to inspire the mass support
required to challenge the restored order in Italy, e.g. Mazzini’s Young Italy movement failed to
inspire much of the peasantry in 1848–49 and acknowledge their economic misfortunes
which hindered support
• Peasantry unwilling to support inspired uprisings due to its narrow social base
• Pope - During the 1848–49 revolutions, the Papal Allocution subverted Charles Albert’s
attempt to harness popular nationalism in the First Italian War ofIndependence - Durangos
attempt to go to war with Austria was unpopular and helped lead to the failure
• Many of 1848–49 revolutions did have an element of popular support, e.g. peasant support
for Sicilian independence, growing enthusiasm for Charles Albert in Piedmont, support for
Mazzini in Rome and Manin in Venice
LOCALISED
• Most of the revolutionary outbreaks were localised with local aims, e.g. Modena refused help
to the Papal States 1830–32, Mazzinian revolutions 1848–48
• As a result of the spontaneous outbreak of revolution in both 1830 and 1848, the
revolutionaries were often disorganised, ill-prepared and generally ill-equipped
• Lacked a shared view on how and what unified Italy should be
• Divisions between the north and south - south overwhelmingly rural while orth beginning to
industrialise - left key divisions D’Azeglio even claiming unity with the south would be like
‘going to bed wit someone with smallpox’
INTERNATIONAL POWERS
• Lack of foreign support e.g. failure of the French to support the 1830–32 revolutions and
their active support for the return of the Papacy in 1848 (despite d’Azeglio’s writings’)
• Austria -The use of military force in support of the traditional rulers by Austria, primarily
Austrian troops which restored old refractionary ruler
• Troppau protocol ensured the they lacked necessary foreign support as powers had the right
to intervene to crush any revolution and give obligatory assistance to rulers
How far do you agree the strength of Austrian opposition was the principal reason for the slow
progress made in the years 1830-1848?
AUSTRIAN OPPOSITION
• Troppau protocol allowed Austria to intervene - Austria restored refractory ruler after
revolution
• Austrian intervention - General Radetzkys strong army against Charles Albert - general
strength of Austrian army
• Austria defeat Piedmont heavily at Custoza and Novara in the first war of independence
LACK OF SUPPORT
• Troppau protocol allowed other countries to step in
• Failed to gain foreign support to counteract the impact of Austria, little interest in major powers
to intervene
• Pope refused to support - papal allocation demonstrated his direct opposition - did not want to
go against catholic Austria or France
• Refused to be leader of Italian confederation
• France defeated Garibaldi's army and french tops remained in Rome - 20,000 French entered
Rome and defeated Garibaldis 4000 army
LOCALISED
• Aims - 1830s revolutions were demanding for liberty rather than national
• Most involved attempts to change things (namely the constitution) but only within individual
states rather than across Italy
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller saggyeye. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $11.83. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
75323 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now