Exam (elaborations)
Biology Major Field Test Questions and Answers 2024/2025
- Course
- Institution
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
[Show more]
Content preview
Biology Major Field Test Questions and Answers 2024/2025 Adaptive vs. Innate Immune Response Adaptive - "specific response" Has immunological memory Later response (3 -7 days) Uses B and T cells Effectiveness increases with exposure Innate - "nonspecific response" 1st line of defense Response within 12 hours Lacks immunological memory Mutualism Benefit to both partners Normally partners cannot live seperately Cooperation A beneficial but not obligate form of symbiosis Commensalism One partner benefits, th e other is neither helped or harmed Ammensalism The negative impact of one organism on another due to release of specific compounds If a pathogen can be transmitted via direct contact it is ______ virulent compare to another pathogen that is vector -borne. Less virulent Toxin Specific substance that alters the normal metabolism of the host cell Autotrophs Carbon source from atmospheric CO2 Heterotrophs Carbon source from organic compounds Phototrophs Energy source is light Chemotrophs Energy source is from o xidation of chemical compounds Lithotrophs Electron source from reduction of inorganic substances Organotrophs Electron source from organic compounds Passive diffusion Movement of small molecules across a cellular membrane to go from high concentration to low with the potential graduation - no energy required Facilitated diffusion Use of a carrier protein to assist the transportation of molecules across the cellular membrane Pure culture Assumption that all the cells grown on the plate have arose from one s ingle ancestor cell Defined Media Media in which all components of the mix are known Complex Media Media in which all components are not known Selective Media Media favors growth of specific microorganisms Differentiated Media Media can will visually disti nguish between groups of bacteria based on biological characterisitics Binary Fission Reproductive strategy of most haploid bacteria/archaeal cells to create identical cells 1) cell elongates 2) replicates their chromosome 3)divides down middle with one c hromosome in each new half Bacterial Growth Stage 1: Lag Phase Time after the new introduction of bacteria on a new medium with no growth Bacterial Growth Stage 2: Exponential Phase Microbes are now growing at a constant rate at maximum dividing rates Bact erial Growth Stage 3: Stationary Phase Population growth ceases and the growth curve levels off Bacterial Growth Stage 4: Death Phase Decrease in viable microorganisms due to depletion of sources (media, oxygen, food) Acidophiles Microorganisms whose optimum growth is between a pH of 0.0 -5.5 Fungi & Algae Neutrophiles Microorganisms whose optimum growth is between a pH of 5.5 - 8.0 Most bacteria Alkalophiles Microorganisms whose optimum growth is between 8.5 -11.5 Buffers Prevent drastic pH changes Normally a phosphate Psychophiles Microorganisms whose optimum growth is at low temperatures (0 -20C) Mesophiles Microorganisms whose optimum growth is at temperatures between 15 -45C Thermophiles Microorganisms whose optimum growth is at temperatures between 45-80C Hyperthermophiles Microorganisms whose optimum growth is at temperatures between 80 -113C Aerobes Organisms that are capable of living in the presence of O2 Anaerobes Organisms that are capable of living in the absence of O2 Obligate Aerobes Organisms that can only grow in the presence of O2 Obligate Anaerobes Organisms that can only grow in the absence of O2 Facultative Anaerobes Organisms that do not require the presence of O2 to grow but grow best in its presence Aero -tolerant Organisms that are indifferent to the levels of O2 Biofilms Communities of microorganisms that cling together to a surface to provide community protection against drugs and antibiotics Quorum Sensing Method of density -dependent bacterial cell communication Fungi Cha racteristics Spore -bearing Eukaryotic Lack chlorophyll Reproduce a/sexually Primarily terrestrial - yeasts, molds, mushrooms Fungi - Thallus Body/vegetative structure Fungi - Hyphae A long, branched, thread -like filament of cells needed growth due to incre ased turgor pressure against hyphae cell membranes Spore Reproductive structure adapted for dispersal and survival in unfavorable conditions Mycorrhizal symbionts Form mutualistic relationships with the root systems of plants by providing access to phospho rus Protist Characteristics -Eukaryotic -Lack unified tissue organization -Single celled -A/Sexual reproductive phases -Cytoplasm -Vacuoloes -Mitochondria( -like) structure -Cilia/Flagella Protozoa Chemoheterotrophic protists Algae Photoautotrophic protists Bacteria shape: cocci spherically shaped Bacteria shape: bacilli rod-shaped Bacteria shaped: spirochetes/spirilla Spiral shaped Bacteria Cell OrganizationThe benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller TheHUB26. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $10.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
79223 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now