MDC 2 EXAM 1 Questions With 100%
Correct Answers
Benign cells - answerNormal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time
Benign Cell Features - answero Harmless
o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growing
o Tight Adherence
o Specific morphology
o Small nuclear-to-cytoplas...
MDC 2 EXAM 1 Questions With 100% Correct Answers Benign cells - answer✔✔Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time Benign Cell Features - answer✔✔o Harmless o Do not usually require intervention o Slow growing o Tight Adherence o Specific morphology o Small nuclear -to-cytoplasmic ratio o Specific differentiated functions o Tight adherence o Orderly growth o No migration o Normal chromosomes Benign cell looks similar to a - answer✔✔healthy cell Examples of Benign cells - answer✔✔o Skin Tag o Mole o Nasal Polyp o Uterine Fibroids o Endomet riosis Malignant cells - answer✔✔indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body tissues and result in death Malignant cell features - answer✔✔o Large nucleus o Migration o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition) o Loose adherence o Rapid or continuous cell division o Loss of cellular regulation o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23) Seven warning signs of cancer - answer✔✔o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns o A-A sore that doesn't heal o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing o O-Obvious change in wart or mole o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness Cancer development stages of malignancy - answer✔✔o Initiation o Promotion o Progression o Metastasis Initiation (Stage of malignancy) - answer✔✔Normal cells are damaged and irreversible Promotion - answer✔✔Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells Progression - answer✔✔Increase in production of malignant cells Metastasis - answer✔✔Cells move f rom primary site to the rest of the body Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis - answer✔✔cancer development Cancer classification - answer✔✔o Grading o Ploidy o Staging o TNM o Doubling time and mitotic index Grading - answer✔✔Looking under microscope and determine l evel/degree of mutation of cancer cell from normal cells o Ex. 1= No mutation o 4= Severe mutation Ploidy - answer✔✔Number of chromosomes Staging - answer✔✔How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread TNM - answer✔✔o T-Tumor (How large is prima ry or 2nd) o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell) o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis) Doubling time and mitotic index - answer✔✔Period of time required for that quantity to double in size (Tells how aggressive cancer grows) o Stage 1=Localized o Stage 4= Spread across the body Cancer prevention primary - answer✔✔o Sunscreen o Avoid smoking o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole) o Chemoprevention o Vaccine (HPV) Cancer prevention secondary - answer✔✔o Mammogram o Pap smear o Pro state test Cancer prevention tertiary - answer✔✔People who are already affected and getting treatment (examples below) o Chemo o Radiation o Surgery, etc. Types of cancers - answer✔✔carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, blastoma Carcinoma - answer✔✔malignant tumors of glandular (lining) tissues Sarcoma - answer✔✔malignant tumor of connective (bone) tissues Melanoma - answer✔✔pigment producing skin cancer Lymphoma - answer✔✔malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue Leukemia - answer✔✔white blood cell tu mor Blastoma - answer✔✔malignant tumors of less differentiated, embryonal tissue Lab Diagnostic Tests - answer✔✔o CBC o Blood protein testing o Tumor marker test o Circulation tumor cell tests Imaging Diagnostic Tests - answer✔✔o CT Scans o MRI o X-ray o Ultrasound o Mammogram o Nuclear medicine scans Endoscopy Diagnostic Tests - answer✔✔o Bronchoscopy o Colonoscopy o Cystoscopy o Laparoscopy o Laryngoscopy o Mediastinoscopy o Thoracoscopy o Upper Endoscopy Biopsy Diagnostic Tests - answer✔✔o Breast biop sy o Bone marrow biopsy o Organ/tissue specific Risk factors - answer✔✔o Older age. o A personal or family history of cancer. o Using tobacco. o Obesity.
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