NAS 2 CHALLENGE EXAM TIDEWATER
COMMUNITY COLLEGE
1.purpose of scientific method: guide researchers in planning, conducting, and interpreting research studies
2.order of scientific method: observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, exper- iment, conclusion
3.Steps of the Scientific Method: Ask a Question Do Background Research
Construct a Hypothesis
Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion Communicate Your Results
4.Hypothesis: A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
5.Theory: A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data
6.sample size: the number of times a measurement is replicated in data collection
7.Trials: the number of times an experiment is repeated
8.Control: In an experiment, the standard that is used for comparison
9.Placebo: something which has a positive mental effect, but no physical
effect
10.independent variable: The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
11.dependent variable: The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
12.Constants/Controlled Variables: the conditions of the experiment that we keep the same.
13.Anatomy: The study of body structure
14.Physiology: the study of how the body and its parts work or function
15.Levels of organization: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organ- ism
16.CHEMICAL: any substance that has a definite composition
17.CELL: The basic unit of structure and function in living things
18.Tissue: A group of similar cells that perform the same function.
19.Organ: A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
20.organ system: A group of organs that work together to perform a major function.
21.Organism: A living thing
22.survival needs: nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure
23.Metabolism: All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
24.Homeostasis: process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
25.homeostatic mechanisms: self-regulating systems that monitor aspects of the internal environment and correct them as needed .components of homeostasis: stimulus, receptor, control center, set
point, effector
27.Stimulus: a signal to which an organism responds
28.Receptor: protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response
29.control center: processes the signal and sends instructions
30.set point: A set point is the physiologicalvalue around which the normal range fluctuates
31.Effector: an organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus.
32.negative feedback mechanism: The most common homeostatic control
mech- anism. The net effect is that the output of the system shuts off
the original stimulus or reduces its intensity.
33.positive feedback mechanism: the result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated
34.anatomical position: erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward
35.Body Regions:
36.superficial: near the surface
37.deep: Away from the body surface; more internal
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