Renal Physiology Summary Notes for Dentistry (Year 1)
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Course
Biomedicine in Relation to Dentistry (4NNYBD01)
Institution
Kings College London (KCL)
Concise and easy to access notes on the physiology of the renal system for first year dental students.
Covers kidney structure, renal corpuscle & tubule structure, glomerular filtration & clearance, tubular reabsorption & secretion, regulation of blood volume, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone sy...
Kidney
Urinary System
• Urinary System = 2 kidneys + 2 ureters
+ 1 bladder + 1 urethra
• Kidneys located on each side of vertebral
column, between T12 & L3
~1.5 L urine output / day
Kidneys
• Renal Hilum: entry point in middle of
kidney for renal artery / vein / lymphatics
/ nerve
• Kidneys are surrounded by a fibrous
renal corpuscle + thick layer of fat
Kidney Structure
• Renal Cortex: dark, outer layer, containing glomerulus &
proximal / distal tubules
• Renal Medulla: lighter, inner layer with triangular lobes
Renal Pyramids (pyramids), containing loop of Henle & collecting ducts
• Renal pyramids point • Each kidney contains ~800,000 nephrons
towards centre of kidney
• Collecting ducts converge at
apex of pyramid → calyx →
renal pelvis
• The renal cortex is the fused
cortical parts of the lobes,
extending down between
adjacent medullary lobes
• Renal Papillae: 10-18
medullary lobes (pyramids),
surrounded by calyx (an
extension of the renal
pelvis)
Nephron
• Begins with Bowman’s capsule,
Collecting
which surrounds glomerular Glomerulus Duct
capillaries (collects filtrate)
• Followed by proximal tubule, loop Renal
of Henle, distal tubule & early Corpuscle
Bowman’s
collecting duct Distal
Capsule
• Cortical Nephron (~85%): Tubule
Nephron
glomeruli in outer 70% of cortex
& short LOH
• Juxtamedullary Nephron
Renal Proximal Loop of
(~15%): glomeruli close to cortex-
Tubule Tubule Henle
medulla boundary + long LOH
, Renal Corpuscle
Glomerular Basement
Membrane
• Surrounds glomerulus
Glomerulus capillary endothelium
• Loop of twisted capillaries surrounded by • Mostly type IV collagen,
Bowman’s capsule proteoglycans & laminin
• Endothelial cells – may fenestrae, which
restrict movement of RBCs
• Mesangial cells – contractile (to regulate
blood flow) & phagocytic (to remove
molecules trapped in glomerular basement
membrane)
Bowman’s Capsule
• Surrounds glomerulus
• Outer (parietal) layer = simple squamous
epithelium
• Inner (visceral) layer = podocytes
(endothelial cells)
o Pedicels: processes projecting from
podocytes
o Filtration Silts: gaps between
pedicels, bridged by a thin
diaphragm, containing pores
Ultrafiltration
• Blood enters renal corpuscle via afferent Filtration Barrier
arterioles 3 components:
• Blood is filtered at glomerulus into • Endothelial cells of glomerular capillaries
Bowman’s capsule • Glomerular basement membrane
• Blood exits renal corpuscle via efferent • Endothelial cells of Bowman’s capsule
arterioles (podocytes)
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