BIOD 101 ALL MODULE EXAMS AND FINAL EXAM GUIDE - A+ SOLUTIONS
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BIOD 101 ALL MODULE EXAMS AND FINAL EXAM GUIDE - A+ SOLUTIONS
BIOD 101 ALL MODULE EXAMS AND FINAL EXAM GUIDE - A+ SOLUTIONS
BIOD 101 ALL MODULE EXAMS AND FINAL EXAM GUIDE - A+ SOLUTIONS
biod 101 all module exams and final exam guide 202
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BIOD 101 ALL MODULE EXAMS AND
FINAL EXAM GUIDE 2023/2024 - A+
SOLUTIONS
a. Name the three parts of a nucleic acid nucleotide.
b. What are the particular types of each of these that are found in DNA and what are the
corresponding types that are found in RNA? - a. sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
b. DNA- deoxyribose- phosphate group- adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
What are the four major differences btw DNA and RNA? - 1. DNA contains deoxyribose - RNA
is ribose
2. DNA: thymine
RNA: uracil
3. DNA: double stranded helix
RNA: single strand
DNA is often described as a coiled ladder. In this description, what two parts of a DNA
nucleotide form the uprights? What part forms the rungs? - The uprights are the sugar phosphate
backbone, and the rungs are the bases.
Explain the 2 differences btw hydrolysis and dehydration condensation. - During dehydration
condensation biomacromolecules are synthesized by joining building block monomers. A water
molecule is lost and energy is used.
Biomacromolecules are broken down into monomers during hydrolysis when a water molecule is
added and energy is released.
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain
the use of each.
GLUCOSE - Carbohydrate; used as fuel, is referred to as blood sugar in humans and animals
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain
the use of each.
Starch - Carbohydrate; the form in which plants store glucose
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain
the use of each.
,Cellulose - Carbohydrate; woody tissue in plants and trees, indigestible fiber
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain
the use of each.
Triglyceride - Lipid; the major form of fuel storage that when broken down produces twice as
much energy per gram than carbohydrates
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain
the use of each.
Phopholipid - Lipid; the major constituent of cell membranes
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain
the use of each.
Hemoglobin - Protein; carries oxygen in the blood
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain
the use of each.
DNA - Nucleic Acid; contains genetic material of cells
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain
the use of each.
RNA - Nucleic Acid; part of the protein-synthesizing operation of the cell
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain
the use of each.
Cholesterol - Lipid; component of animal cell membranes that, when in excess, can form plaque
on artery walls
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain
the use of each.
ATP - Nucleic Acid; releases energy through the breaking of high-energy phosphate bond
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain
the use of each.
Glycogen - Carbohydrate; the form in which animals and humans store glucose
Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain
the use of each.
,Insulin - Protein; a hormone
Why are proteins so often used to build structures? - Because they are "structurally
sophisticated". They are strong, yet flexible and incredibly diverse.
Explain the following terms in regard to proteins:
a. Primary structure:
b. Secondary structure:
c. Tertiary structure:
d. Quaternary structure: - a. Amino acid monomers in a linear chain
b. 2 repeating patterns are possible; a spring like coil of fibrous proteins within the linear chain
forms (alpha-helix) and/or in the linear chain the pattern snakes back and forth; strong and
flexible but not elastic. Both conformations held together with hydrogen bonds. It's possible that
one chain can have both patterns
c. Folding of the secondary structure; 3D shape determined by R-group interactions and
hydrogen bonds
d. Interactions between two or more polypeptide chains. Each chain has its own primary,
secondary, and tertiary structure. **need 2 or more polypeptide chains for this structure**
The bases present in nucleic acids contain what element besides C and H and O? - Nitrogen
What is the property that makes a molecule a lipid? - being insoluble in water due to the presence
of the long chain of hydrocarbons
What is the main reason for the polarity of most biomacromolecules? - Most biomacromolecules
are polar due to the strongly electronegative oxygen (or nitrogen) in the functional group
Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
Proteins - Amino Acids
Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
Lipids - fatty acids and glycerol
Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
Nucleic Acid - nucleotides
Name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules:
polysaccharides - monosaccharides
a. Carbohydrates contain what three elements?
, b. What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a carbohydrate? c. What is the difference between a
carbohydrate and a hydrocarbon? - a. CHO
b. 2:1
c. A hydrocarbon has only H and C and carbs have HCO. Hydrocarbons are not functional
groups.
What are the 3 types of cholesterol? - HDL (good; takes potentially dangerous build up to liver),
LDL ("bad"; potential to clog vessels), VLDL (also "bad"; clogs and carries triglycerides)
Explain the 3 differences b/t prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. - 1. Prokaryotic cells are typically
smaller than eukaryotic cells. Most are between 1-10 micrometers in size (about 1/30,000 of an
inch)
2. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane (prokaryotic means
"before the nucleus"), whereas Eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus 3. Prokarytic cells do not
contain many of the internal membrane-bounded organelles of eukaryotic cells
What are the components of the cell membrane? - Phospholipid bi-layer with proteins and
phospholipids embedded within it. Cholesterol is usually present as well.
What kind of proteins can be found within the phospholipid bi-layer? - Integral, Peripheral, and
glycoproteins.
What is the term used to describe the type of molecules that can pass through the cell membrane?
What are the types of "passive" transport and "active" transport? - The membrane is selectively
permeable. No energy (ATP) is required for passive and simple diffusion, osmosis, filtration, and
facilitated diffusion. Active requires energy (ATP) and other types are secondary active,
cotransport, and counter-transport.
Tell how each of the following would typically enter a cell. Choose from simple diffusion,
facilitated diffusion, pinocytosis or phagocytosis.
Gases - Simple Diffusion
Tell how each of the following would typically enter a cell. Choose from simple diffusion,
facilitated diffusion, pinocytosis or phagocytosis.
Water - Simple diffusion (Osmosis)
Tell how each of the following would typically enter a cell. Choose from simple diffusion,
facilitated diffusion, pinocytosis or phagocytosis.
large objects such as other cells - Phagocytosis
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