-Hydroxyl groups can be attached to aromatic rings (these hydroxyl hydrogens are very
acidic due to possible resonance b/w the ring & the lone pairs on the O atom)
-Two groups on adjacent carbons are called ortho- or o-
-Two groups separated by a carbon is called meta- or m-
-Two groups on opposite sides of the ring are called para- or p-
3). Hydroquinone
Ans: a chemical found in the developing agent that generates the black tones and
sharp contrast of the radiographic image
Carboxylation of hydroquinone would yield a carboxyl group
Oxitdation would yield benzoquinone
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, 4). Ubiquinone (coenzyme q)
Ans: - biologically active quinone
-vital electron carrier associated w/ complexes I, II, and II of the e- transport chain
-very oxidized
5). Ubiquitin
Ans: A protein that attaches itself to faulty or misfolded proteins and thus targets
them for destruction by proteasomes
6). Phylloquinone and menaquinone
Ans: are the common names of Vitamin K1 and Vitamin K2.
-are fat soluble vitamins that play a role in carboxylation in clotting
7). Phosphatides
Ans: any of a class of compounds that are fatty acid esters of glycerol phosphate
with a nitrogen base linked to the phosphate group.
8). Triacylglycerol
Ans: A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called
a fat or triglyceride.
are neutral storage lipids. They consist of three fatty acids ester-linked to a single
glycerol.
used for energy storage rather than structure, and are not generally found in cell
membranes
formed through dehydration reactions
hydrolysis of triglycerides breaks the ester bonds, releasingfree fatty acids and glycerol
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, 9). Fatty acyl group
Ans: Long hydrocarbon chain + carbonyl
10). Glyceraldehyde
Ans: is an oxidiized form of glycerol
three carbon aldose with one aldehyde group and two hdyroxyl grouos
11). Aldose
Ans: A carbohydrate whose carbonyl group is an aldehyde
12). Free fatty acids (ffa)
Ans: the components of fat that are used by the body for metabolism
Carboxyl group (negatively charged - with hydrocarbon tail
Usually not found in blood plasma but rather exist as a derivative, such as a triglyceride
or phospholipid.
Hydrolysis of triglycerides and phospholipids releases free FAs
Long chain hydrocarbon makes fatty acids hdyrophobix, allowing for solubility in organic
solvents
compoased of unbranced hydrocarbon chains with carboxyl groups at one end - humans
synthesize fatty acids with an even number of carbon atoms, and chains usually range
from 14 to 18 carbon atoms long
13). Saturated fatty acid
Ans: no double bonds between carbon atoms- more solid at room temp-higher mp
than unsaturated at room temperature-
Saturated fats lack double bonds between their carbons, the initial step in their B-
oxidation pathway creates a double bond (oxidation), while also producing an FADH2(a
reduction)- since this step does not necessarily happen in an unsaturated fat, fewer high
energy electron carriers are produced and thus the overall energy yield is lower
Unsaturated fats produce less energy during B-oxidation than saturated fats with an
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, equal number of carbons
Stack closely in the cell membrane
14). Unsaturated fatty acid
Ans: A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the
hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the
carbon skeleton.
Lower mp than saturated with the same number of carbon atoms- lipids with
unsaturated acyl chains do not pack well against one another- increasing the level of
disorder- Increased temperature also increases the level of disorder in the membrane
because there is more movement at higher temperatures.
Usually in the cis conformation
Unsaturation contributes significantly to membrane fluidity - the C=C bonds decrease the
melting temperature of fatty acid chains and increase the average space between lipids
Lipids with unsaturated fatty acid chains are more fluid at a given temperature than
saturated lipids of the same length
Cis configuration is particularly important in cell membranes as it introduces a bend or
kink in the fatty acid chain that prevents phospholipids from stacking together and
interacting efficiently
15). Disubstituted double bond
Ans:
16). Saponification reaction
Ans: the hydrolysis of an organic compound, under basic conditions, in which a
carboxylic acid salt is one of the products
The hydrolysis of an ester bond with a strong base
Saponification of a triglyceride with a strong base, such as NAOH, releases free fatty
acids ( as sodium salts) and a molecule of glycerol
One equivalent of base is needed to hdyrolyze one ester linkage, therefore, three
equivalents of base are needed to completely hydrolyze a triglyceride
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