New Media Challenges (S_NMC)
Lecture 1 t/m 9
Table of Contents Future Research Direc;ons ..................................................................................... 22
Limita;ons ............................................................................................................... 22
Lecture 1: Introduc.on, utopian and dystopian views on media Conclusion .............................................................................22
infiltra.on. (Mar.n Tanis)...................................................... 6 Lecture 2: Introduc.on to Online Privacy (Mar.n Tanis) ....... 24
New Media Challenges ............................................................ 6 Topics for today .....................................................................24
NEW MEDIA challenges vs. NEW media CHALLENGES .............. 6 1. What is privacy? ................................................................24
Objec@ves ............................................................................... 6 Privacy is defined by cultures .................................................24
Today’s lecture ........................................................................ 6 Privacy is defined by @mes.....................................................25
Changes in the media landscape ............................................. 6 Privacy is defined by @mes.....................................................26
What are the changes that we have seen happening the last decade? .................... 6
Figures to illustrate how we inform ourselves ........................................................... 6 Three theore@cal perspec@ves ...............................................26
Genera;onal differences ........................................................................................... 8 Wes@n: Privacy as a basic need ..............................................26
Trends in media and media use ............................................... 9 Wes@n ...................................................................................27
Teachers and what they teach ................................................. 9 Four purposes of privacy ......................................................................................... 27
Leading ques;ons in our lectures .............................................................................. 9 Four states of privacy .............................................................................................. 28
Utopian/dystopian perspec@ves ............................................. 9 Altman ..................................................................................29
The Jetsons & 1984: Big Brother ............................................................................... 9 Selec;ve control of access to self ............................................................................ 29
Utopian/dystopian perspec;ves .............................................................................. 10 Five elements of privacy .......................................................................................... 29
Func;ons of utopian worldview .............................................................................. 10 Petronio ................................................................................31
Promises for the future............................................................................................ 10 Communica;on privacy management theory ......................................................... 31
NeNlix series: Black Mirror ...................................................................................... 11
How do we manage our privacy? From physical privacy to
Industrial revolu@on ............................................................. 11 informa@on privacy ...............................................................31
Industrial revolu;on: defini;on ............................................................................... 11
4 Industrial Revolu;ons in history ........................................................................... 11 Func@onal self-disclosure in social media paper.....................31
Media;on model ..................................................................................................... 32
Literature lecture 2: Walther (2011). Chapter 1 - Introduc.on Hypotheses .............................................................................................................. 33
to privacy online. ................................................................. 13 How to study this ar;cle .......................................................................................... 33
Summary .............................................................................. 13 Quick summary on study ......................................................................................... 34
Introduc@on to Tensions in Online Communica@on ............... 13 Who are our audiences online? .............................................34
The Context Collapse ............................................................................................... 34
Factors Contribu@ng to Tensions ........................................... 13 Technological Features that collapse contexts ........................................................ 34
Analogous Offline Ac@vi@es and Online Behavior .................. 13 The context collapse in prac;ce .............................................................................. 35
Challenges Faced by Internet Users ....................................... 14 Imagined Audiences ................................................................................................ 35
Dispari@es Between Tradi@onal Communica@on and New Wrap Up ................................................................................35
Media ................................................................................... 14 Exam ques@on examples .......................................................35
Nature of the Internet ........................................................... 14 Literature lecture 3: Choi, Park & Jung (2021). The role of
Role of Systems' Architectures .............................................. 14 privacy fa.gue in online privacy behavior. ........................... 37
Expecta@on of Privacy vs. Legal Protec@on ............................ 14 Summary ...............................................................................37
Ethical and Legal Debates Regarding Online Communica@on Introduc@on ..........................................................................37
Introduc;on to Informa;on Privacy Threats ........................................................... 37
Analysis ................................................................................ 14 Research Background .............................................................................................. 38
Public Accessibility of Online Messages ................................. 15 Limita;ons of Privacy Concern ................................................................................ 38
Educa@ng Users About Online Footprints .............................. 15 Introduc;on to Privacy Fa;gue................................................................................ 38
Research Objec;ves ................................................................................................ 38
Technological Evolu@on in Privacy Protec@on ........................ 15
Theore@cal background .........................................................38
Iden@ty Explora@on in Online Communica@on ...................... 15 Understanding Fa;gue ............................................................................................ 38
Similar Behaviors Among Adults ........................................... 15 Components of Fa;gue ........................................................................................... 38
Privacy Challenges in Online Rela@onships ............................ 15 Behavioral Responses to Fa;gue ............................................................................. 39
Fa;gue in Online Privacy Context ............................................................................ 39
In@macy and Privacy in Online Interac@ons ........................... 15 Exis;ng Studies on Fa;gue ...................................................................................... 39
Internet-Enabled Therapeu@c Exchanges ............................... 15 Defining Privacy Fa;gue .......................................................................................... 39
Challenges and Suscep@bili@es of Anonymity ........................ 15 Research model and Hypothesis development .......................39
Understanding Privacy Concern .............................................................................. 39
Online Self-Presenta@on Management .................................. 16 Exploring Coping Responses .................................................................................... 39
Paradox of Transparency and Impression Management ......... 16 Rela;onship with Expectancy Theory ...................................................................... 39
Effects of Impression Management ....................................... 16 Hypotheses on Privacy Concern .............................................................................. 40
Understanding Privacy Fa;gue ................................................................................ 40
Literature lecture 2: Bazarova & Choi (2014). Self-disclosure in Behavioral Responses to Fa;gue ............................................................................. 40
social media: Extending the func.onal approach to disclosure Obstacles and Disengagement ................................................................................ 40
Hypotheses on Privacy Fa;gue ................................................................................ 40
mo.va.ons and characteris.cs on social network sites. ...... 17
Methodology/sample ............................................................40
Summary .............................................................................. 17
Results...................................................................................41
Introduc@on/Research .......................................................... 17 Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) ............................................................................ 41
Social media and self-disclosure .............................................................................. 17 Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) ......................................................................... 41
Func;onal model of self-disclosure in SNSs ............................................................ 17 Second-order Factor Model ..................................................................................... 41
Public disclosures versus tradi;onal self-disclosure understandings ...................... 18 Hypothesis Tes;ng ................................................................................................... 41
Challenges of public self-disclosure in social media ................................................ 18 Post-hoc Analysis: Interac;on Terms ....................................................................... 42
Introduc;on to Func;onal Approach to Self-Disclosure .......................................... 18
Derlega and Grzelak's Func;onal Theory ................................................................ 18 Discussion .............................................................................42
Omarzu's Disclosure Decision Model ...................................................................... 18 Study Objec;ve and Conceptualiza;on ................................................................... 42
Nonconscious Goal Ac;va;on ................................................................................. 18 Findings and Implica;ons ........................................................................................ 42
Integra;on with SNSs .............................................................................................. 19 Theore;cal Implica;ons .......................................................................................... 42
Func;onal Model of Self-disclosure on SNSs ........................................................... 19 Prac;cal Implica;ons ............................................................................................... 43
Limita;ons and Future Research ............................................................................. 43
Method ................................................................................. 20
Par;cipants and Procedure ..................................................................................... 20 Literature lecture 3: Dienlin & Trepte (2015). Is the privacy
Measures and Coding .............................................................................................. 20 paradox a relic of the past: An in-depth analysis of privacy
Results .................................................................................. 20 aYtudes and privacy behaviors. .......................................... 44
Effect of Facebook Communica;on Forms on Disclosure Goals .............................. 20
Summary ...............................................................................44
Discussion ............................................................................. 22
Research Goal .......................................................................................................... 22 Introduc@on/Research ...........................................................44
Conceptual Contribu;ons ........................................................................................ 22 The Privacy Paradox Explained ................................................................................ 45
Facebook Communica;on Forms and Self-Disclosure ............................................. 22 Understanding Privacy Behaviors and Concerns ..................................................... 45
Disclosure In;macy.................................................................................................. 22 Unveiling the Privacy Paradox ................................................................................. 45
1
, A New Approach to the Privacy Paradox ................................................................. 45 Percep;ons and Mo;va;ons for Mul;tasking ........................................................ 68
Methods ............................................................................... 45 Concerns and Aim of Research ................................................................................ 68
Methodology of Review .......................................................................................... 68
Results .................................................................................. 46
Research Ques;ons ................................................................................................. 46
Cogni@ve func@oning while mul@tasking: Theore@cal
Hypotheses .............................................................................................................. 46 founda@on.............................................................................68
Discussion ............................................................................. 47 Mul;tasking and Learning Impairment ................................................................... 69
Implica;ons of Results ............................................................................................. 47 Theories of Ajen;on ............................................................................................... 69
Limita;ons and Future Perspec;ve ......................................................................... 47 Research Evidence ................................................................................................... 69
Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 47 Theories of Working Memory.................................................................................. 69
Integra;on and Implica;ons .................................................................................... 69
Lecture 3: Personaliza.on, Privacy Concerns and Informa.on Mul@tasking effects related to academic performance ...........69
Sharing (Mar.n Tanis) ......................................................... 49 Impact of Media Mul;tasking on Academic Performance ...................................... 69
Privacy online ....................................................................... 49 In-Class Mul;tasking................................................................................................ 70
Classroom Policies and Mul;tasking ....................................................................... 70
Some ideas about informa@on sharing .................................. 49 Mul;tasking Outside of Class .................................................................................. 70
From physical privacy to informa;on privacy .......................................................... 49 Percep;ons and Self-Regula;on .............................................................................. 70
The trade-off of informa;on sharing/the trade-off of keeping informa;on private50 Role of Media Mul;tasking on Comprehension ...................................................... 70
The trade-off of informa;on sharing ....................................................................... 50 Common Trends ...................................................................................................... 70
Management of private informa@on ..................................... 51 Discussion .............................................................................70
So, do i take this into account, and if so, how should I weigh all of this? ................ 51 Nega;ve Effects of Media Mul;tasking on Academic Performance ........................ 70
Management of private informa;on: the ra;onal approach .................................. 51 Media;ng Factors .................................................................................................... 71
From trade-off to calculus ....................................................................................... 52 Differen;al Influence In and Out of Class ................................................................ 71
Privacy Calculus .................................................................... 52 Need for Further Research ...................................................................................... 71
Sharing benefits ....................................................................................................... 53 Role of Metacogni;on and Self-Regula;on ............................................................. 71
Sharing risks ............................................................................................................. 53 Implica@ons ...........................................................................71
Privacy calculus: risks vs benefits ............................................................................ 53 Balancing Benefits and Nega;ve Effects of Technology........................................... 71
Privacy paradox .................................................................... 53 Effects of Laptop Use in Classroom.......................................................................... 71
Limits of the privacy calculus ................................................................................... 54 Student Behavior and Technology Use .................................................................... 71
Privacy paradox reconsidered: paper by Dienlin .................... 54 Classroom Observa;ons .......................................................................................... 71
Theory of planned behavior .................................................................................... 54 Promo;ng Posi;ve Technology Habits .................................................................... 72
Hypotheses of paper ............................................................................................... 55 Need for Student Awareness ................................................................................... 72
Conceptual model ................................................................................................... 56 Importance of Self-Regula;on ................................................................................. 72
Results ..................................................................................................................... 57 Shil in Educa;onal Technology Debate .................................................................. 72
Privacy fa@gue: paper by Choi ............................................... 57 Literature lecture 4: Cain et al., (2016) Media mul.tasking in
Privacy fa;gue ......................................................................................................... 57 adolescence ......................................................................... 72
Privacy fa;gue aspects ............................................................................................ 58
Research ques;on ................................................................................................... 58
Summary ...............................................................................72
Approaching privacy fa;gue .................................................................................... 58 Introduc@on ..........................................................................73
Results: Hypotheses tes;ng ..................................................................................... 59 Defini;on of Media Mul;tasking ............................................................................. 73
Media;on vs modera;on ........................................................................................ 60 Effects on Cogni;ve Func;oning in Adults .............................................................. 73
Results: Post-hoc tes;ng (modera;on effect).......................................................... 60 Previous Research on Adolescents .......................................................................... 73
Wrap-up................................................................................ 61 Extended Understanding about Media Mul;tasking............................................... 73
Interpreta;on of Findings ........................................................................................ 73
Example ques@ons ................................................................ 61 Hypotheses about Cogni;ve and Personality Correlates......................................... 73
Literature lecture 4: Carrier, Rosen, Cheever & Lim (2015). Method .................................................................................74
Causes, effects, and prac.cali.es of everyday mul.tasking. 62 Par;cipants .............................................................................................................. 74
Media-mul;tasking Index ........................................................................................ 74
Summary .............................................................................. 62 Academic Performance ........................................................................................... 74
Causes, effects, and prac@cali@es of everyday mul@tasking ... 62 Execu;ve Func;on Measures .................................................................................. 74
Introduc;on to Everyday Mul;tasking .................................................................... 62 Crystallized Intelligence ........................................................................................... 74
Extent of Media Mul;tasking .................................................................................. 62 Personality Factors .................................................................................................. 74
Implica;ons of Media Mul;tasking ......................................................................... 62 Other Tasks .............................................................................................................. 74
Why people do everyday mul@tasking .................................. 63 Results...................................................................................75
Introduc;on to Everyday Mul;tasking .................................................................... 63 Media Usage ............................................................................................................ 75
Technology-Induced Distrac;ons ............................................................................. 63 Media Mul;tasking Index ........................................................................................ 75
Mul;tasking Among College Students ..................................................................... 63 Execu;ve Func;ons ................................................................................................. 75
Reasons for Mul;tasking ......................................................................................... 63 Crystallized Intelligence ........................................................................................... 76
Technological Affordances and Mul;tasking ........................................................... 63 Personality Factors .................................................................................................. 76
Laboratory versus real-world mul@tasking ............................ 63 Other Tasks .............................................................................................................. 76
Understanding Mul;tasking .................................................................................... 63 Discussion .............................................................................76
Laboratory Studies of Mul;tasking .......................................................................... 63 Media Mul;tasking and Academic Performance..................................................... 76
Real-Life Mul;tasking .............................................................................................. 64 Cau;on in Causal Interpreta;on.............................................................................. 77
Factors Influencing Mul;tasking .............................................................................. 64 Execu;ve Func;ons ................................................................................................. 77
The effects of everyday mul@tasking upon learning ............... 64 Rela;onship with Impulsivity .................................................................................. 77
Working Memory and Media Mul;tasking.............................................................. 77
Theore;cal Perspec;ve on Everyday Mul;tasking .................................................. 64
Socioeconomic Status .............................................................................................. 77
Prac;cal Applica;ons and Limita;ons ..................................................................... 64
Crystallized Intelligence ........................................................................................... 77
Impact on Academic Performance .......................................................................... 64
Personality Factors .................................................................................................. 77
Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 64
Other Tasks .............................................................................................................. 77
The long-term effects of everyday mul@tasking ..................... 64 Conclusions ...........................................................................77
Long-term Effects of Mul;tasking............................................................................ 64
Poten;al Posi;ve and Nega;ve Effects .................................................................... 64 Lecture 4: Always on: Mul.tasking and performance (Mar.n
College-Aged Mul;tasking and Cogni;ve Skills ....................................................... 65 Tanis) ................................................................................... 79
Correla;onal Studies on Mul;tasking Skills............................................................. 65
Impact on Working Memory and Ajen;on ............................................................. 65 This session: Media Mul@tasking ...........................................79
Associa;on with Cogni;ve Processes ...................................................................... 65 What is Media Mul@tasking? .................................................79
Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 65
Who engages in media mul@tasking? .....................................79
Coping with the nega@ve effects of everyday mul@tasking .... 65 Paper: Causes, effects, and prac@cali@es of everyday
Strategic Decisions for Managing Mul;tasking ....................................................... 65
Op;mizing Learning Environments.......................................................................... 65 mul@tasking ..........................................................................79
Factors Influencing Distrac;on ................................................................................ 66 What sort of media mul;tasking ............................................................................. 80
Metacogni;on and Digital Learning......................................................................... 66 What impact does mul@tasking have? ...................................80
Threaded Cogni;on and Automa;city..................................................................... 66 Benefits of mul;tasking ........................................................................................... 80
Mindfulness Training and Mul;tasking.................................................................... 66 Disadvantages of mul;tasking ................................................................................. 80
Summary and conclusions ..................................................... 66 Effects of media mul;tasking .................................................................................. 80
Prevalence and Causes of Everyday Mul;tasking .................................................... 66 So, why do we mul@task? ......................................................81
Laboratory vs. Real-life Mul;tasking ....................................................................... 66
Impact of Mul;tasking on Learning ......................................................................... 66
How about media mul@tasking in class? ................................81
Academic and Long-term Effects ............................................................................. 67 How do we test our mul@tasking skills? .................................81
Prac;cal Considera;ons and Solu;ons .................................................................... 67 What is mul@tasking? ............................................................82
Literature lecture 4: May & Elder (2018). Efficient, helpful, or THREADED COGNITION (SALVUCCI & TAATGEN, 2008): The
distrac.ng A literature review of media mul.tasking in interwoven and dynamic nature of cogni@ve processes. ........82
rela.on to academic performance. ...................................... 67 Cogni@ve func@oning while mul@tasking: theore@cal
Summary .............................................................................. 67 founda@on.............................................................................83
Introduc@on .......................................................................... 68 Effects of everyday mul@tasking upon learning ......................84
Media Use Among Adolescents and Young Adults .................................................. 68 Mul@tasking effects related to academic performance ...........85
Mul;tasking Behavior Among College Students...................................................... 68
2
, How about laptop use in-class? ............................................. 85 Responsibility as a Meta-Challenge ....................................................................... 107
How about causality? ............................................................ 86 Conclusion ........................................................................... 108
Implica;ons ........................................................................................................... 108
Wrap-Up ............................................................................... 87 Limita;ons ............................................................................................................. 108
Example exam Ques@ons ...................................................... 87 Significance ............................................................................................................ 108
Literature lecture 5: Sheridan (2020). A review of recent Literature lecture 6: Pedreschi et al. (2023) Social AI and the
research in social robo.cs. ................................................... 88 Challenges of the Human-AI Ecosystem .............................. 109
Summary .............................................................................. 88 Summary ............................................................................. 109
Introduc@on .......................................................................... 88 Introduc@on ........................................................................ 109
Evolu;on of Robo;cs ............................................................................................... 88 Introduc;on ........................................................................................................... 109
Defini;on of Social Robots ...................................................................................... 88 Persuasive Design of AIs ........................................................................................ 109
Emergence of Social Robo;cs Research .................................................................. 88 Social Ar;ficial Intelligence (Social AI) ................................................................... 110
Research Areas in Social Robo@cs.......................................... 89 Connec@ng humans and AIs at scale .................................... 110
Affect, Personality, and Adapta;on ......................................................................... 89 Emergence of Complexity Science ......................................................................... 110
Sensing and Control for Ac;on ................................................................................ 89 Influence of Pervasive AIs on Complex Systems .................................................... 110
Assistance to the Elderly and Handicapped ............................................................. 89 Role of AI in Mul;-Agent Systems ......................................................................... 110
Toys and Markets ..................................................................................................... 89 Need for Social AI Approach .................................................................................. 110
Toys and the market for social robots in general.................... 89 Use Case: Naviga@on systems and emergent behaviour ....... 110
Conclusions ........................................................................... 90 Impact of Naviga;on Systems on Urban Traffic ..................................................... 110
Complexity-Informed Perspec;ve ......................................................................... 111
Literature lecture 5: Payr (2011). Social Engagement with Experiment in Milan, Italy ..................................................................................... 111
Robots and Agents: Introduc.on .......................................... 90 Future Direc;ons ................................................................................................... 111
Summary .............................................................................. 90 A New Fron@er: Large Genera@ve Models ............................ 111
Impact of Large Genera;ve Models (LGMs) on Language Diversity ...................... 111
Lecture 5: Social Technologies - Benefits and applica.ons Concerns Beyond Language Diversity .................................................................... 112
(Daniel Preciado Vanegas) ................................................... 91 Urgent Need for Empirical Experiments ................................................................ 112
Agenda ................................................................................. 91 Approaches to measuring the social impact of Ais ............... 112
Big Data and AI Impact Assessment ...................................................................... 112
Social Robot Ameca: What makes her “social”?..................... 91 Approaches to Measuring AI Social Impact ........................................................... 112
Characteris@cs of social ar@ficial agents ................................ 91 Data-driven Simula;on .......................................................................................... 113
1) Presence and interac;on ..................................................................................... 91 Challenges and Future Direc;ons .......................................................................... 113
2) Agency ................................................................................................................. 92 Regulatory Frameworks and Social AI ................................................................... 113
3) Sen;ence ............................................................................................................. 92 Open scien@fic challenges of Social AI.................................. 113
4) Embodiment ........................................................................................................ 92 Conformism vs Diversity ........................................................................................ 113
5) Purpose & func;ons ............................................................................................ 93 Technological Architectures................................................................................... 113
Building Social ar@ficial agents .............................................. 93 Social Sustainability ............................................................................................... 113
AI-Da, the robot ar@st ........................................................... 94 Individual Goals ..................................................................................................... 114
Collec;ve Goals ..................................................................................................... 114
Social ar@ficial agents: A new “species”?* ............................. 94 PlaNorm Sustainability........................................................................................... 114
Not all agents are born equal ................................................ 95 Future Direc;ons ................................................................................................... 114
Levels of involvement: Robots............................................... 96 Conclusion ........................................................................... 114
Factory & industrial robots ...................................................................................... 96 Overview ............................................................................................................... 114
Cobots (Collabora;ve robots) .................................................................................. 96 Interdisciplinary Approach .................................................................................... 115
Social Robots ........................................................................................................... 96 Cau;on Against Techno-Solu;onism ..................................................................... 115
Social Assis;ve Robots ............................................................................................. 96 Future Outlook ...................................................................................................... 115
Applica@ons: Healthcare ....................................................... 96 Lecture 6: Electronic friends?: Social ar.ficial agents in modern
Roles ........................................................................................................................ 96 society Challenges & Risks ................................................. 115
Frequent target users .............................................................................................. 97
Value & benefits ...................................................................................................... 97 Agenda ................................................................................ 115
Concerns .................................................................................................................. 97 Part 1: What could possibly go wrong? ................................................................. 115
Part 2: Difficult ques;ons and ques;onable applica;ons ..................................... 115
Applica@ons: Educa@on ......................................................... 97
Roles ........................................................................................................................ 97 Popular concerns, fears and misconcep@ons ........................ 115
Frequent target users .............................................................................................. 98 Ethics & morality in ar@ficial agents ..................................... 116
Value and benefits ................................................................................................... 98 Ar;ficial morality & Machine ethics ...................................................................... 116
Concerns .................................................................................................................. 98 Bias in decision systems (Based on Biomedical ethics).......................................... 117
Applica@ons: Hospitality, service, entertainment .................. 98 Prac@cal concerns ar@ficial agents ....................................... 117
Roles ........................................................................................................................ 98 Privacy and surveillance ........................................................................................ 117
Target users ............................................................................................................. 98 Lack of transparency.............................................................................................. 117
Value and benefits ................................................................................................... 98 Legality .................................................................................................................. 118
Concerns .................................................................................................................. 99 Physical hazards ..................................................................................................... 118
Example exam ques@ons ....................................................... 99 Automa;on & Employment................................................................................... 118
Literature lecture 6: Fosch-Villaronga et al. (2020) Gathering Realism in social ar@ficial agents.......................................... 118
Mis-match between objec;ve and subjec;ve “Realism”: ..................................... 118
Expert Opinions for Social Robots’ Ethical, Legal, and Societal Increasing perceived realism: Design or decep;on? ............................................. 118
Concerns: Findings from Four Interna.onal Workshops .......100 Concern ................................................................................................................. 119
Summary ............................................................................ 100 Beler than humans?: Military & Kill-bots ............................ 119
Main concerns ....................................................................................................... 119
Introduc@on ........................................................................ 100 Pros ........................................................................................................................ 119
Relevant Defini@ons: Social, Healthcare and Therapeu@c Cons ....................................................................................................................... 119
Robots ................................................................................ 101 Beler than humans?: Rela@onships & Sex-bots ................... 119
Defini;on of a robot .............................................................................................. 101 Main concerns ....................................................................................................... 119
Classifica;on of robots .......................................................................................... 101 Pros ........................................................................................................................ 120
Dis;nc;on between physical and social interac;on .............................................. 101 Cons ....................................................................................................................... 120
Types of social robots ............................................................................................ 101 Beler than humans?: Human-Agent LTRs ............................ 120
Interac;on role ...................................................................................................... 101
Main concerns ....................................................................................................... 120
Human-robot physical proximity ........................................................................... 101
Pros ........................................................................................................................ 120
Space/;me dimension of human-robot interac;on (HRI) ..................................... 101
Cons ....................................................................................................................... 121
Autonomy level...................................................................................................... 101
Socially assis;ve robots ......................................................................................... 102 Toxic rela@onships: Abuse & exploita@on............................. 121
Main concerns ....................................................................................................... 121
Methods ............................................................................. 102 Pros ........................................................................................................................ 121
Objec;ves of the workshops ................................................................................. 102
Cons ....................................................................................................................... 121
Promo;on and organiza;on .................................................................................. 102
Workshop par;cipa;on ......................................................................................... 102 Toxic rela@onships: Decep@on and manipula@on ................. 121
Workshop development ........................................................................................ 102 Main concerns ....................................................................................................... 121
Workshop materials............................................................................................... 102 Pros ........................................................................................................................ 122
Workshop discussions ........................................................................................... 102 Cons ....................................................................................................................... 122
Iden;fied challenges.............................................................................................. 102 Example exam ques@ons ..................................................... 122
Results and Discussion ........................................................ 103 Literature lecture 7: Persily (2017). The 2016 U.S. Elec.on Can
4.1 Privacy and Security ......................................................................................... 103
4.2 Legal Uncertainty ............................................................................................. 103 Democracy Survive the Internet?........................................ 123
4.3 Autonomy and Agency of Robot Technologies ................................................ 104 Summary ............................................................................. 123
4.4 (Lack of) Employment for Humans .................................................................. 105 Introduc@on ........................................................................ 123
4.5 Replacement of Human Interac;ons ............................................................... 106
4.6 Summary and Meta-Challenges: Uncertainty and Responsibility .................... 107 The “Formal” Digital Campaign ............................................ 124
Key Discussion Points............................................................................................. 107 The Decline of the Establishment(s) ..................................... 124
Uncertainty as a Meta-Challenge .......................................................................... 107
A New Playbook, a Novel Challenge ..................................... 125
3
, Epilogue: Post-Elec@on Reforms .......................................... 125 Literature lecture 8: Fording & Schram (2017) The Cogni.ve
Literature lecture 7: Risso (2018), Brexit means Brexit? and Emo.onal Sources of Trump Support The Case of Low-
Harves.ng Your Soul? Cambridge Analy.ca and Brexit. ......126 Informa.on Voters. ............................................................ 150
Summary ............................................................................ 126 Summary ............................................................................. 150
Introduc@on ........................................................................ 127 Introduc@on ........................................................................ 151
I. “Psychographic” Profiling and Behavioural Micro-Targe@ng Introduc;on to Trump's 2016 Campaign ............................................................... 151
Demoniza;on of "Out Groups" and Campaign Strategy........................................ 151
........................................................................................... 127 Ques;oning Trump's Support ................................................................................ 151
II. Computa@onal Propaganda ............................................. 128 Factors Influencing Trump's Support ..................................................................... 151
III. Cambridge Analy@ca and Brexit ..................................... 128 Role of Low-Informa;on Voters ............................................................................. 151
Structure of Analysis .............................................................................................. 151
IV. Feeding the Myth of Their Own Power ........................... 129
Research on Trump Supporters: Deplorables and Others ..... 152
V. Conclusions ..................................................................... 130 Ini;al Research on Trump Supporters ................................................................... 152
Literature lecture 7: Wouyou, Kosinski, S.llwell (2015) Role of Race and Class ........................................................................................... 152
Social-Cultural Anxie;es ........................................................................................ 152
Computer-based personality judgments are more accurate Psychological Factors in Populist Support.............................................................. 152
than those made by humans. ..............................................130 Implica;ons for Understanding Trump Supporters ............................................... 152
Summary ............................................................................ 130 Low-Informa@on Voters, the Need for Cogni@on and the
Introduc@on and method .................................................... 131 Emo@onal Basis for Trump Support ...................................... 152
Results ................................................................................ 132 Understanding Trump's Base Loyalty..................................................................... 152
Expansion of Trump's Support Base ...................................................................... 152
Self-Other Agreement............................................................................................ 132
Low-Informa;on Voters and Poli;cal Knowledge .................................................. 153
Interjudge Agreement. .......................................................................................... 133
Need for Cogni;on vs. Need for Affect .................................................................. 153
External Validity ..................................................................................................... 133
Vulnerability of Low-Informa;on Voters ............................................................... 153
Discussion ........................................................................... 134 Data Analysis ....................................................................... 153
Literature lecture 8: Strömbäck & Kiousis (2014). Strategic Data Source and Sample Descrip;on .................................................................... 153
poli.cal communica.on in elec.on campaigns. ..................135 Need for Cogni;on (NFC) Scale ............................................................................. 153
Poli;cal Knowledge Assessment ............................................................................ 154
Summary ............................................................................ 135 Rela;onship between NFC, Poli;cal Knowledge, and Candidate Support............. 154
Introduc@on ........................................................................ 136 Comparison with 2012 Data .................................................................................. 155
Introduc;on to Elec;on Campaign Communica;on ............................................. 136 Implica;ons and Significance ................................................................................ 155
Challenges and Fragmenta;on in Research ........................................................... 136 Lack of Informa@on Creates an Opening to Support Trump
Neglected Aspects of Communica;on................................................................... 136
Purpose of the Chapter ......................................................................................... 136
Based on Fear and Hate ....................................................... 155
Impact of Lack of Informa;on on Trump Support ................................................. 155
Towards a general model of strategic poli@cal communica@on Analysis of ANES Data ............................................................................................ 155
in elec@ons ......................................................................... 136 Key Influen;al Factors ........................................................................................... 155
General Concept of Strategic Poli;cal Communica;on ......................................... 136 Impact on Evalua;on of Trump vs. Clinton ............................................................ 155
Strategic Goals of Poli;cal Par;es and Campaigns ................................................ 137 Factors Contribu;ng to Support for Trump ........................................................... 156
Complexity of Party Types and Strategic Goals...................................................... 137 Possible Reasons for Con;nued Support ............................................................... 156
Strategic Party Behavior ........................................................................................ 137 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 156
Role of Mass Media in Strategic Communica;on .................................................. 137 How to Lose a Democracy .................................................... 156
Balancing Long-term Strategy and Short-term Events ........................................... 138 Roots of American Democracy .............................................................................. 156
Broader Understanding of Strategic Communica;on ............................................ 138 Tocqueville's Insights ............................................................................................. 156
Modeling and explaining changing campaign prac@ces and Contradic;ons in Poli;cal Culture ......................................................................... 156
communica@on ................................................................... 138 Emergence of Low-Informa;on Voters .................................................................. 156
Impact of Informa;onal and Cogni;ve Deficits ..................................................... 157
Modeling Changing Campaign Prac;ces................................................................ 138
Trump's Exploita;on of Low-Informa;on Voters ................................................... 157
Explaining Changing Campaign Prac;ces............................................................... 139
Manipula;on through Disinforma;on Campaigns ................................................ 157
Professionaliza;on of Campaigning ....................................................................... 139
Implica;ons for Democracy ................................................................................... 157
Contemporary elec@on campaign communica@on............... 140 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 157
Trends in Contemporary Elec;on Campaign Communica;on ............................... 140
Macro Trends Iden;fied ........................................................................................ 140
Lecture 8: Social media and poli.cal campaigns, effects on
Impact on Democracy ............................................................................................ 141 par.es and voters. (André Krouwel) ................................... 158
Conclusion .......................................................................... 141 New (social)media effects overview ..................................... 158
Strategic Poli;cal Communica;on in Elec;on Campaigns ..................................... 141 Debate on social media effects in the public sphere ............. 158
Influence of Party Characteris;cs .......................................................................... 141
Dynamic Nature of Campaign Prac;ces................................................................. 141 Nega@ve rela@onship between rise of e-technology and
Variability Across Contexts .................................................................................... 141 poli@cal par@cipa@on........................................................... 159
Role of Moderniza;on Theory vs. Americaniza;on Thesis .................................... 141
Deficits in Research................................................................................................ 141
Young people are more e-connected yet have lower
Fundamental Role of Poli;cal Communica;on ...................................................... 141 par@cipa@on levels .............................................................. 159
Effects in vo;ng ..................................................................................................... 160
Literature lecture 8: Pippa Norris, Holly Ann Garnel & Max
Life cycle vo@ng ................................................................... 161
Grömping (2020) The paranoid style of American elec.ons: Cohort effects: Millennial voters in the UK and US are not following the typical
explaining percep.ons of electoral integrity in an age of pajern of growing more conserva;ve as they age ............................................... 162
Younger genera;on: lower support for democracy ............................................... 162
populism.............................................................................142
Summary ............................................................................ 142 Poli@cal socializa@on ........................................................... 163
Poli;cal socializa;on.............................................................................................. 163
Introduc@on ........................................................................ 142 Gender differences in poli;cal socializa;on: peer pressure? ................................ 163
Introduc;on to Distrust in US Elec;ons ................................................................. 142 ‘Social’ media and news avoidance ....................................................................... 164
Importance of Percep;ons of Electoral Integrity ................................................... 142 Narrow-cas@ng, niche news and selec@ve exposure ............. 165
Roots of Distrust: Psychological Orienta;ons ........................................................ 142
Broadcas;ng to narrowcas;ng .............................................................................. 165
Research Objec;ve ................................................................................................ 142
Demassifica;on of mass communica;on .............................................................. 165
Research Methodology .......................................................................................... 143
Narrow-cas;ng, niche news and selec;ve exposure ............................................. 165
Research Structure ................................................................................................ 143
Selec;ve Exposure ................................................................................................. 165
Theore@cal framework ........................................................ 143 Hyperpersonalisa;on ............................................................................................ 165
Theore;cal Framework on Percep;ons of Electoral Integrity and Malprac;ces ... 143 Overwhelming sources, pace and tone ................................................................. 166
Conspiratorial thinking .......................................................................................... 144 What you know depends on what you watch: vo@ng ........... 166
The age of populism .............................................................................................. 144
Low informa;on voters ......................................................................................... 166
Data and research design .................................................... 145 Educa@on: Strong predictor of voter turnout and poli@cal
Dependent variable ............................................................................................... 145
Independent variables ........................................................................................... 146 par@cipa@on ........................................................................ 166
Control variables .................................................................................................... 146 Interac;on effect: educa;on and poli;cal interest bolster each other and poli;cal
ac;vity ................................................................................................................... 167
Analysis of the results ......................................................... 147 Effect of educa;on................................................................................................. 167
Analysis of the Results ........................................................................................... 147
Readjustment of effects of mass immigra;on and mass higher educa;on ........... 167
Regression Model Results (Table 1) ....................................................................... 147
Theore;cal educa;onal ajainment: Difference in vo;ng behavior ...................... 168
Interpreta;on of Findings ...................................................................................... 148
............................................................................................................................... 168
Addi;onal Factors .................................................................................................. 149
Educa;on obscures key factor (Fording and Schram, 2017) .................................. 168
Overall Implica;ons ............................................................................................... 149
Discussion and conclusion ................................................... 149 Need for cogni@on ............................................................... 168
Need for cogni;on and knowledge ....................................................................... 169
Discussion and Conclusion..................................................................................... 149
Poli;cal knowledge and NFC ................................................................................. 169
Implica;ons and Solu;ons ..................................................................................... 149
Challenges in Addressing Misinforma;on ............................................................. 150 Economic anxiety and racism ............................................... 170
Persis;ng Conspiracy Beliefs.................................................................................. 150 Cogni@ve skills predict percep@ons of electoral integrity ..... 171
Future Research Direc;ons.................................................................................... 150 ‘Unfair Elec;ons’ ................................................................................................... 171
Significance for Democracy ................................................................................... 150 Predicted trust in fairness of elec;ons .................................................................. 171
4
, Percep;ons of ‘fairness of the vote count’ ............................................................ 171 Rigidity-of-the-right model .................................................................................... 196
Class and economics s@ll maler .......................................... 172 Conspiracies and the extreme right ...................................... 197
Declining prosperity and opportunity ................................................................... 172 White supremacy movement ................................................................................ 197
Educa;on and economic precarity ........................................................................ 172 Decline of white majori;es.................................................................................... 197
Not the ‘lel behind’: ‘Loser of the globaliza;on’ thesis ........................................ 173 Threat by others and feelings of marginaliza;on .................................................. 197
Squeezed middle class ........................................................................................... 173 Psychological features for both extremes.............................................................. 197
Rela;ve sta;s depriva;on: double anxiety ............................................................ 174 But also on the extreme lep? ............................................... 197
Cantril ladder ......................................................................................................... 174 Extremism.............................................................................................................. 197
Rela;ve depriva;on by party choice ..................................................................... 174
Percentage of voters in each quadrant .................................................................. 175 Paper: Psychological Features of Extreme Poli@cal Ideologies
Gullibility explana@on ......................................................... 176 ............................................................................................ 198
Extremism and conflict: 4 interrelated factors ...................................................... 198
Literature lecture 9: Narayanan, Barash, Kelly, Kollanyi, 1) Psychological distress s;mulates extreme ideological outlook ......................... 198
Neudert & Howard (2018). Polariza.on, par.sanship and junk 2) Extremists have rela;vely simplis;c, black-and-white percep;on of social world
............................................................................................................................... 198
news consump.on over social media in the us. ...................177 3) This mental simplicity makes extremists overconfident in their judgements ... 199
Summary ............................................................................ 177 4) Extremists are less tolerant of different groups and opinions than moderates 199
Polariza@on on Social Media ............................................... 177 Conspiracy belief and poli;cal extremism ............................................................. 199
Social network mapping ...................................................... 178 “Crippled epistemology” of extremism (Hardin, 2002) ......... 199
Fear and uncertainty make people look for epistemic clarity ............................... 200
Study sample and method .................................................. 179
Posi@ve reinforcement......................................................... 200
Finding: polariza@on and junk news on twiler .................... 179
Trust in legacy and alterna@ve media ................................... 200
Finding: polariza@on and junk news on public facebook pages Trust in Mainstream Media and Seeking Alterna;ve Media ................................. 201
........................................................................................... 181 Fake news: The decline of social and ins@tu@onal trust ........ 202
Literature lecture 9: Van Prooijen, Krouwel & Pollet (2015). Paper: The Spread of True and False News Online ................ 202
Poli.cal extremism predicts belief in conspiracy theories. ...183 Difference in diffusion of truth and falsity and factors of human judgment explain
the rapid spread and acceptance by certain groups.............................................. 203
Summary ............................................................................ 183 Poli;cal rumors diffuse more broadly and at greater depth ................................. 203
Introduc@on ........................................................................ 183 Falsehoods win! ..................................................................................................... 204
Poli@cal Extremism and Conspiracy Beliefs .......................... 184 False news = new! ................................................................................................. 204
Emo;ons and informa;on falsehood: Trust, truth and emo;ons ......................... 204
Study 1 ............................................................................... 185
Method .................................................................................................................. 185
Junk news on social media and polariza@on......................... 205
Results & discussion .............................................................................................. 185 Paper: Polariza;on, Par;sanship and junk News Consump;on over Social Media in
the US. ................................................................................................................... 205
Studies 2a and 2b ................................................................ 186 Junk news .............................................................................................................. 205
Method: Study 2a .................................................................................................. 187 Junk news ‘coverage’ and ‘consistency’ ................................................................. 206
Method: Study 2b .................................................................................................. 187 Trump supporters play a key role in junk news dissemina;on .............................. 206
Results and Discussion: Study 2a ........................................................................... 187
Results and Discussion: Study 2b........................................................................... 188
Group links .......................................................................... 206
Study 3 ............................................................................... 189 Online extremism and polariza@on ...................................... 208
Method .................................................................................................................. 189 Facebook polariza;on ........................................................................................... 208
Results & discussion .............................................................................................. 190 Clinton and Trump supporters live in their own Twijer worlds; visualiza;on: ..... 209
Online extremism and polariza;on ....................................................................... 209
General discussion .............................................................. 190
Summary of Findings ............................................................................................. 190
Lep-right symmetry?: Paper Poli@cal Extremism Predicts Belief
Contribu;ons of the Research ............................................................................... 190 in Conspiracy Theories ......................................................... 209
Differences in Endorsed Conspiracy Theories ........................................................ 191 Study 1 ................................................................................................................... 210
Future Research Direc;ons.................................................................................... 191 Study 2a and 2b on Dutch par;cipants ................................................................. 210
Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 191 Study 3 non-probability sample ............................................................................ 211
Literature lecture 9: Van Prooijen & Krouwel (2019). Paper: Conspiracy mentality and Poli@cal Orienta@on across 26
Psychological Features of Extreme Poli.cal Ideologies. .......191 Countries ............................................................................. 212
Conspiracy belief ................................................................................................... 212
Summary ............................................................................ 191
Introduc@on ........................................................................ 191 Asymmetric intolerance: Refugees and immigrants .............. 213
Paper: Ideological Responses to the EU Refugee Crisis: The Lel, the Right, and the
Poli@cal Extremism: Four Psychological Features ................. 192 Extremes ................................................................................................................ 213
1) Psychological distress ........................................................................................ 193 Paper: Fear Among the Extremes: How Poli@cal Ideology
2) Cogni;ve simplicity............................................................................................ 194
3) Overconfidence ................................................................................................. 194 Predicts Nega@ve Emo@ons and Outgroup Deroga@on ......... 214
4) Intolerance ........................................................................................................ 195 Out-group deroga;on exclusive to the poli;cal right? .......................................... 214
Socio-economic fear/anxiety ................................................................................. 214
Discussion ........................................................................... 195 Dogma;c intolerance ............................................................................................ 215
Lecture 9: Extremism and conspiracy Belief – The poli.cal The rigidity of the extremes ................................................. 215
consequences of fake news (André Krouwe) ........................196 An;-establishment vo;ng ..................................................................................... 215
Central ques@on ................................................................. 196 Results and conclusions ....................................................... 216
Extremists are more likely to belief conspiracies and distribute An;-establishment vote in the Ukraine referendum ............................................. 216
An;-establishment voters knowledge ................................................................... 216
fake news............................................................................ 196 Exam Ques@on .................................................................... 216
5
,Lecture 1: Introduc.on, utopian and dystopian views on media infiltra.on.
(Mar.n Tanis)
New Media Challenges
• What do the added forms of communica7ons and new technologies in interac7ng bring us?
• How does media change how we live and behave?
• This course is about media literacy.
NEW MEDIA challenges vs. NEW media CHALLENGES
• Title of the course
o You could see this in 2 ways
§ We try to do both with this course
• We are going to focus on recently new media, like the internet
• We are going to talk about the new challenges that we face.
• Our media infiltra7on is growing, mobile phone is much more important
o We have no idea how fast the paHerns are going, we are going to discuss this
o It Is a challenge in itself, if things are changing so rapidly, we try to make theories on
data we have seen before
§ We make use of theories that are decades old, and use those in order to try
to explain technological developments today and what happens in the future
Objec?ves
• Define, describe, and discuss important new challenges in media, the public and the individual
• Take a theory- and evidence-based approach to address these issues
• Focus on norma7ve and ethical aspects of new developments /technological possibili7es.
o E.g. Is it okay that booking.com can see what I am interested in?
Today’s lecture
• Overview of the course
• Leading ques7on for today
o How has the media landscape changed over the last decades?
o Is our rela7onship with media technology a posi7ve one or a nega7ve one?
Changes in the media landscape
What are the changes that we have seen happening the last decade?
• How we entertain sourselves
• How we inform ourselves
• How we interact
• How we buy/consume
Figures to illustrate how we inform ourselves
• News consump7on landscape in Germany (main source of news consump7on)
6
, o It is about news consump7on by Germans, looking at their main sources
o Shows that over 7me we see quite a decrease in what we call old media/print media
o See a decline in tv among young people, less people are watching tv, a 12% decline
o We see overall, in general, that online is more and more used for new consump7on
§ We see that more people make use of social media, it is slightly doubled in
importance
• Changing media consump7on
o More or less showing the same paHern
o This is how much minutes per day people use media
§ People make less and less use of magazines, radio and tv
§ Desktop is more or less the same
§ All kinds of mobile use, 460% growth
o We see that were people get their news from changes over 7me
• The average number of minutes spent per individual watching broadcast television in the UK
o Looking at differences between different age groups
o See similar paHern
o Looking at broadcast television, older form of media, people are watching less and
less television
7
, § If you want to see where this comes from, we see that this does not come
from the older genera7on
§ In the younger genera7on we see the decline
§ We see a bump due to the beginning of covid, especially in the older
genera7on
Genera9onal differences
• Media consump7on
o If we look at different genera7ons, we see a completely different media diet
o Especially when it comes to broadcast tv, the older genera7on makes use of this, the
younger genera7on not at all
o If you try to look at the different media formats they took into account, you see that
the more fluid the medium outlet is, the younger its audience is
• Television dominates as news source for older Americans
o If you look at old media it is consumed by older people and looking at new media it is
tailored to younger people
o New media adapts to new genera7ons, whether this is a push or pull we’ll talk about
8
,Trends in media and media use
• What is the role of old/new media for us, the public?
• What (or who) can we trust?
o Old days we could trust journalists and newspapers, they did a good job. How can we
now trust what we see online?
• How does a change in media diet affect us as individuals or our society as a whole?
• What will be the rela7on between “humans and computers”?
o E.g. Deepfakes that steal money
• From push to pull: consumers choosing from large offering of media content (Youtube, on
demand, Blendle [discon7nued])
o We are not limited to a few channels on broadcast television anymore
• Dissolving media boundaries: browsing internet on phone, listen radio on laptop
o You can do everything on a cellphone, all media formats in 1 device, how can we deal
with this?
• Increasingly interac7vity: (online mul7player games, chat func7ons on webpages)
o What are the powers of ‘normal people’ that are able to report? Benefits of not
relying on old school journalists?
• Content crea7on by “consumers”: Social Media (wri7ng reviews, blogs, vlogs, Instagram,
Facebook)
o
• Content crea7on by “AI” (think ChatGPT, Bard, Bing, Jasper, etc.
o To make our lives easier
• More?
Teachers and what they teach
Daniel Preciado – Social technologies: Benefits and applica7ons
Andre Krouwel - Poli7cal ‘news’: lies, conspiracies, extremism and polarisa7on?)
Wai Yen Tang – Online hate and safety & Network effects and digital ci7zenship
Mar7n Tanis – Privacy & Media Mul7tasking & The role of unlimited informa7on in our lives
Leading ques9ons in our lectures
• Media mul7tasking, is this even possible?
• Why do we believe what we read?
• Why are we angry at “mainstream media”?
• Correc7ng (mis) beliefs: is it even possible?
Utopian/dystopian perspec?ves
The Jetsons & 1984: Big Brother
• Both depict a vision of the future, about a society dominated by technology
o Nowadays: Alexa, quite close to what the Jetsons predicted
o Nowadays: Governments that make use of surveillance systems, quite close to 1984
• Differ in being utopian vs dystopian
• Futuris7c shows, their larger trends were not that far from the way that we can use
technology now in everyday life
• Apple Vision Pro
o We don’t know what we will adapt to in terms of technology
o Personally would be suspicious, when adop7ng new technology, try to always think
about the benefits and the poten7al harms
9
, § Try to be conscious about those choices
Utopian/dystopian perspec9ves
• 2 very opposing views
o When talking about the future we very oren see this not such a nuanced few, people
being utopian or dystopian
• Utopia: a community or society that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect quali7es for
its ci7zen
o Jetsons
o Policy makers and tech makers, oren focus on the posi7ve
• Dystopia: a community or society that is undesirable or frightening
o 1984: How technology can give power to a small group of people
o Nega7ve about how tech can hurt us.
Func9ons of utopian worldview
• Op7mism about the future
o Posi7ve thinking has a func7on, if you only see the nega7ve, then what would be the
reason for living.
§ Therefore, we see the future with op7mism
• Strong belief in technological development
o As human we want to have this op7mis7c view about the future, and we have a
strong believe about technology in the future helping us to improve
§ Goes along with this idea that we now live in a society where there is more
focus on individual, less on the collec7ve
• Push to invest in technological developments
o This technology can help us to improve or develop as an individual
§ E.g. our phone can do a lot of things
o Also policy makers see technology as posi7ve development
• Cultural change toward individua7on and individual empowerment
o We could like the technology improvements so much because it empowers us as
individuals, thats is why we have utopian views
Promises for the future
• Presidents Clinton speech: “By the year 2000, we have set a goal of connec7ng every single
classroom and library in the en7re United States to the Internet. I thank the Congress for
funding that endeavour, and the private sector for helping us, so far, to stay slightly ahead of
schedule. We must redouble our efforts to make sure that every one of our fellow ci7zens has
the tools to succeed in the new century.”
o He is quite vague of what is going to change
o Halfway the 907es there was a feel of crossing the millennium, were everything
would be different
• Prime minister of the UK: “I genuinely believe that technologies like AI will bring a
transforma7on as far-reaching as the industrial revolu7on, the coming of electricity, or the
birth of the internet. Now, as with every one of those waves of technology, AI will bring new
knowledge new opportuni7es for economic growth, new advances in human capability and
the chance to solve problems that we once thought beyond us.”
“But like those waves, it also brings new dangers and new fears. […..] Get this wrong, and AI
could make it easier to build chemical or biological weapons. Terrorist groups could use AI to
spread fear and destruc7on on an even greater scale. Criminals could exploit AI for cyber-
aHacks, disinforma7on, fraud, or even child sexual abuse. And in the most unlikely but
10
